The crustal warping study has shown that neotectonic activity in Maine is defined by recurrent seismicity and secular changes in relative sea level. Earthquakes have been recorded historically in the state since the 1700s. They occur most commonly in certain areas of Maine, such as the Passamaquoddy Bay region on the Maine-New Brunswick border. Earthquakes also occur in a less concentrated band subparallel to the coast. Although slumping of late Pleistocene and modern marine sediments was observed on the sea floor near mapped bedrock faults, neither the slumps nor the earthquakes have been conclusively linked to specific faults. No postglacial tectonic movement along bedrock faults has yet been recorded in Maine. The causes of Maine earthquakes are unclear, but probable mechanisms include plate tectonic and glacioisostatic stresses.

Sea level has fluctuated profoundly in the western Gulf of Maine during late Quaternary time, but the rate of sea-level change in this region has not been uniform. Maine has experienced the greatest amount of late-glacial marine submergence and subsequent isostatic emergence of any state or province bordering the Gulf of Maine. Sea level is now rising along the Maine coast at rates exceeding the average eustatic rise. Several lines of evidence suggest that eastern Maine is undergoing more rapid submergence than coastal localities to the southwest, probably because of differential crustal subsidence in the vicinity of Passamaquoddy Bay. The collapse and migration of a crustal bulge which formed along the margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet may be contributing to the downwarping and seismic activity. However, this theory alone is not adequate to explain the apparent localization of more rapid subsidence in eastern coastal Maine, which is occurring at rates of up to at least 5mm/yr. The distinctive bedrock lithology, structure, and long-term tectonic mobility of this area are believed to cause its present instability. geology; sea-level change; Fundy; seismicity; Gulf of Maine; Passamaquoddy; Quoddy; bedrock; subsidence

From the introduction: During a stay of about ten days at the biological station such opportunities as presented themselves for the collection and study of the diatoms of the neighbourhood were gladly availed of. The material consisted of dredgings made at various points along the course of the St. Croix River and in Passamaquoddy Bay, together with such an as could be derived from the stomachs of various marine animals, as well as fresh water gatherings from adjacents brooks.

The St. Croix River is in this part of its course really an arm of the sea, being wholly salt and traversed by tidal flow, while the amount of fresh water which enters it, at a distance of about twenty miles from the station, is too small to have any appreciable effect upon its salinity. Near the station the width of the so-called river is about two miles, the depth from 18 to 40 fathoms, and the bottom usually a fine mud. The rise and fall of tide is about twenty-five feet. The rock ledges laid bare at low water are well covered with such algae as Fucus, Ulva, Enteromopha, Cladophora, and Ectocarpus, but are lacking in the Rhodophyceae and other delicate forms which are so often the home of attached diatoms, and from the former but few could be obtained. Tidal pools, contrary to expectation, also afforded but few species, and these not in large numbers. A much richer source of material and giving indirectly a much better notion of the forms likely to be met within the waters of Passamaquoddy Bay, was that of the stomachs of flounders speared at low water in Brandy Cove on the side of which the station is placed. Some interesting gatherings were also made on the shores of Campobello Island at Welshpool and elsewhere. No plankton netting was done during the time of my stay at the station.diatoms; Passamaquoddy; Quoddy; algae; tides; phytoplankton; benthic; flora; invertebrates; fauna; seaweed; St. Croix

Introduction: The Plankton Diatoms constitute a group of peculiar interest in a division of microscopic plants which, in all its branches, afford to the naturalist a field of pleasurable and instructive study.

The term "Plankton" is one which is applied to the entire assemblage of minute, mostly microscopic organisms, including both plants and animals, which are found, often in vast numbers, swimming or floating freely, in the waters of ponds, lakes or in the open ocean, having no connection with the solid earth, but deriving, their food supply from the medium in which they live. So far as the animal kingdom is concerned this floating population embraces members of several groups, such as Infusoria, Foraminifera, and Radiolaria, together with larval forms of Echinoderms, Annelids, Polyzoa, Crustacea and Mollusca, but, as regards plant life, this is confined, with the exception of the small group known as the Peridineae, to the family of the Diatomaceae. These are minute unicellular algae of which the most notable peculiarity is the secreting of a siliceous shell or lorica, determining their form and strength, and which is practically indestructible.

Existing as they do in such enormous numbers in the purer oceanic waters, the plankton Diatoms constitute a very large part of the food of higher oceanic organisms, as is proved by the fact that they are found in such large numbers in the stomachs of marine animals such as echinoderms, crustacea, molluscs and even fishes. Even where these animals are not themselves direct plankton feeders, like the members of the herring and mackerel families, they nevertheless rely for their nourishment upon smaller animals, Copepods and the like, which are thus supported, so that the Diatoms may very properly be regarded as affording the basic food supply for marine life, even in its highest forms.

The features which especially characterize the so-called Plankton Diatoms are those of their adaptation to a life of flotation. This is partly effected by a relative reduction in the amount of silica contained in their cell walls, reducing their specific gravity, but mainly in other ways, such as by the nature of their forms or the development of expedients which favor buoyancy. Thus in certain genera (Coscinodiscus, Actinocyclus, Actinoptychus & c.) the form is that of a nearly flat or slightly convex disc, exposing a large surface in proportion to the thickness of the cell; in others (such as Biddulphia, Melosira, Skeletonema, Rhabdonema, Tabellaria &c.) the frustules, though individually small, are attached to each other to form filaments or chains; while in still others, and these the most characteristic, the desired object is attained by the development of processes, arms or horns, projecting from the cells, and which are often of extravagant length—(Chaetoceros, Bacteriastrum, Nitschia, &c.)—the presence of oil globules in the cells probably also assists in certain cases.

The Biology of the Plankton-Diatoms has, until within a few years, been the subject of comparatively little study; but now that their importance in connection with their relations to the support of other forms of life has been generally recognized, observers at the principal Biological Stations, both in America and Europe, have been giving them much attention. Both their classification and nomenclature are, however, still in a very unsatisfactory state, and the literature of the subject is comparatively small. So far as New Brunswick is concerned absolutely nothing has previously been published, though references to some of the characteristic species have been made by the writer in earlier articles on the Diatoms of the New Brunswick seaboard. Dr. Ramsay Wright has also described and figured some of the species found by him in the Plankton of Canso, N.S. (Contributions to Canadian Biology, 1902-1905).

The materials upon which this paper is based were obtained mainly from Passamaquoddy Bay and the adjoining waters of the Bay of Fundy, and in connection with the work of the Marine Biological Station at St. Andrews. In making the collections very fine silken tow-nets were employed, and their contents examined while still fresh and in their proper element, chemical treatment being apt to disintegrate the concatenate forms, while mounting in balsam will often cause delicate forms, though readily seen in water or dry, to become nearly or quite invisible. It is, however, often necessary to treat the material, after removal of salt by washing and decantation, with Nitric acid, in order to remove the vast number of Copepods and other organisms with which they are associated as well as foreign matters adherent to the Diatoms themselves.

The most frequent accompaniments of the plankton-diatoms, in addition to the Crustacea, are silico-flagellate Infusoria of   the genera Amphorella and Tintinopsis. The literature available to the author in his study of the Plankton of the New Brunswick waters includes the following: — Smith's Synopsis of British Diatomaceae, Van Heurck's Diatomees de Belgium, Wolle's Diatoms of North America, Nordisches Plankton—Brandt and Apstein—Kiel, Brightwell—On the Filamentous, Long Horned Diatomaceae, (Quarterly Microscopical Journal, London, Vol. IV.). Of these the first three are of a general nature. Only the last two relate especially to the Plankton. In an article by Professor Ramsay Wright in "Contributions to Canadian Biology," published in 39th "Annual Report of the Department of Marine and Fisheries—Canada" some descriptions and figures of the forms occurring at Canso, Nova Scotia are given, and these have been of service in the study of the New Brunswick forms.

In the following account of the species entering into the composition of the Plankton those which may be regarded as especially characteristic of the latter, exhibiting the most marked adaptations to a life of flotation, will be first considered, to be followed by those which, though less marked in this respect, are nevertheless of general or frequent occurrence.

Professor W. A. Herdman, F.R.S. of Liverpool University, who has been in charge of special plankton investigations around the Isle of Man, gives six genera as those which are especially characteristic of the plankton flora of that region, and it is interesting to note that, with one possible exception (Lauderia) all of these occur and in most instances are abundant in the Bay of Fundy and adjacent waters. These genera are Chaetoceros, Rhizosolenia, Biddulphia, Coscinodiscus, Thalassiosira and Lauderia, to which may be added Skeletonema, Bacteriastrum and Asterionella.algae; diatoms; Fundy; phytoplankton; Passamaquoddy; flora; food web; Quoddy

The present notes are intended mainly to apply to the Phyto-Plankton of the Bay of Fundy and Passamaquoddy Bay, though occasional references are made to points on the north shore of New Brunswick and to Prince Edward Island. Moreover, as the line between planktonic and non-planktonic forms is ill-defined, species ordinarily regarded as neritic are not unfrequently met with far from shore, and may even constitute a considerable part of any planktonic gathering. In the following pages, lists of such gatherings from numerous localities are given for the various months of the year, excepting December, for which latter month no data are yet available.phytoplankton; diatoms; Fundy; Passamaquoddy; flora; food web; Quoddy

Introduction: The Dennys River is reported to have been the only Maine river where Atlantic salmon angling preceded the erection of impassable dams (Kendall 1894). This long history of angling may account for the sustained interest in the fishery as evidenced by the involvement of local citizens over a period approaching 150 years.

The Dennys River was selected as the site of the first intensive study of Atlantic salmon in eastern Maine (Goodwin 1942). It was selected because of its native salmon population, lack of pollution and obstructions, and its famed Atlantic salmon angling...

This updated Dennys River report includes a condensation of the original survey data made by Fletcher (1960) as part of a statewide biological survey of Maine lakes, rivers and streams. The anadromous Atlantic salmon, the center of concern of this report, is discussed from a broad base of knowledge of the biology of the species and an accumulation of field experience involving the management and enhancement of the Atlantic salmon resource in the Dennys River. Dennys River; Cobscook; Quoddy; fisheries; salmon; fish; vertebrates; fauna; anadromous

From the summary: ... in 1947, the Maine Legislature enacted legislation establishing the Atlantic Sea-Run Salmon Commission... At present wild Atlantic salmon populations that support fisheries are found in seven Maine rivers...

Although the ultimate goal of the Atlantic Sea-Run Salmon Commission is the restoration of Atlantic salmon to all rivers where the species was formerly found, for the balance of this century the Commission offers the following objectives for its Atlantic salmon management operations.

A. Maintain Atlantic salmon populations at current levels of abundance and protect existing fisheries on the Dennys, East Machias, Machias, Pleasant, Narraguagus, Ducktrap and Sheepscot Rivers.

B. Restore Atlantic salmon populations to the Penobscot and St. Croix Rivers.

C. Restore Atlantic salmon populations to the Saco, Aroostook, Union and Royal Rivers (group #1), and the St. George, Kennebec, Androscoggin, Meduxnekeag and Prestile Rivers (group #2), with resources above and beyond those necessary to accomplish Items A and B...

The Strategic Plan was prepared to present the program goal and objective for Atlantic salmon restoration and management in Maine. Included in the plan is a discussion of past and present conditions affecting Atlantic salmon in Maine and estimates of the production potential of present and former Atlantic salmon rivers in Maine. The proposed Atlantic salmon program objective encompasses restoration and management of Atlantic salmon in 99% of the existing habitat in Maine rivers. The plan identifies general problems that will have to be overcome in order to achieve the stated objective... Gulf of Maine; Dennys River; Cobscook; Quoddy; salmon; fish; vertebrates; fauna; anadromous

The first part of the general report, dealing with the fishes, was published in 1925, as Bulletin 40 (Pt. 1) of the United States Bureau of Fisheries; subsequent parts describing the plankton of the offshore waters of the Gulf and the physical characteristics of its waters were published in 1926-27, as Part 2.

The preparation of the section on the fishes was assigned originally to W. W. Welsh, who had gathered a large body of original observations on the growth, reproduction, diet, and other phases of the lives of many of the more important species. The report was far advanced when it was interrupted by his untimely death, and H. B. Bigelow undertook to carry it to publication along the lines originally laid down. The new edition, entailing a general revision and the addition of much new material, has been prepared jointly by H. B. Bigelow and by W. C. Schroeder. fish; Gulf of Maine; fauna; inventory; life history; plankton; vertebrates

Several trends were identified by this effort. Some areas are better studied than others. More is known about intertidal habitats than subtidal ones, common species than rare ones, nearshore habitats than offshore habitats, summer composition of assemblages than the winter composition, and polyhaline estuarine habitats than oligohaline estuarine habitats. This classification system can be used in numerous ways including, but not limited to, the following: (a) to prioritize habitats for management and protection, (b) to inventory biodiversity of Maine's marine and estuarine areas, and (c) to assess the influence of human disturbance of these natural systems. It is anticipated that future work will entail developing a classification for pelagic habitats, ranking of habitats for uses in their management, and initiating inventory of selected habitats as well as verifying some of the literature analyzed in development of the classification. intertidal; subtidal; estuarine; benthic; habitats; inventory

Secular variations in the removal of surface water from the Bay of Fundy, indicative of changes in the Maine eddy, were noted during 1957 and 1958. Fundy; Gulf of Maine; circulation; hydrography; currents; oceanography

An overall examination of landing trends distinguished two principal groups of species: those for which fisheries have been in effect since before the present system of fisheries districts was instituted (1947). These include most of our high unit-value species, for many of which downward trends in landings are in effect. A second group of fisheries began, or intensified, in the 1960s, largely as a result of diversion from more traditional resources. This group includes a number of high volume, low unit-value species (e.g., Irish moss, Chondrus crispus), and has contributed to an overall increase in landed weights since the mid-1960s. There is evidence, however, that, after allowance is made for rapid increases in unit price paid over the last decade, the upward trend in total landed value for all "inshore" species would be reversed to show a slow decline in real value of landed resources over the last two decades. fish; shellfish; fauna; fisheries; distribution; Northwest Atlantic; Fundy; vertebrates

Initial population biomass estimates of commercial-sized lobsters by using Leslie regression analysis of catch-per-unit-effort data for 7 yr ranged from 346,432 to 569,320 kg for the 1978-79 and 1952-53 fishing seasons, respectively, off southern Grand Manan. Exploitation rates have generally increased from 56.4% during l948-49 to 84.9% during 1979-80 in southern Grand Manan. lobsters; fauna; Grand Manan; Quoddy; fisheries; crustaceans; invertebrates; shellfish

The basin impounded by the barrier when full will be approximately 1.2 square miles. The average tidal range at Eastport is 18.2 feet. The maximum spring tidal range will be 26.2 feet and the neap tidal range 12.8 feet. The project will be of the single pool-type single effect in which generation takes place on the ebb tide only. tidal power; Eastport; Cobscook; Quoddy

The coastal situation and varied habitats attract a large variety and quantity of birds to the Quoddy Region. Of most interest are the aquatic species of inshore marine habitats, the large numbers of phalaropes and gulls which congregate around Head Harbour Passage, and certain pelagic birds of the Grand Manan Channel. Also offering ample opportunities for study are shorebirds, of which the wintering Purple Sandpipers are most significant, and many terrestrial species that frequent coastal habitats.

The birds most poorly represented in the Quoddy Region are the dabbling ducks, rails, and other species of freshwater marshes which can be studied just outside the region at Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge in Maine.

Despite many interesting features there has been relatively little systematic study of the avifauna of this region. With a few exceptions, the description that follows results from preliminary, restricted studies and from the casual observations of birdwatchers. inventory; Quoddy; habitats; phalaropes; gulls; seabirds; shorebirds; fauna; vertebrates; birds

The following Aquaculture Lease Site Reviews (all in Maine) are available from the Department of Marine Resources: 1) 1994, Stanley, MacNichol and Thomas R. Pottle, The Old Toll Bridge areas, Cobscook Bay, Perry, Report 94-3 (Suspended) 18 pp. 2) 1994, Friendship Fisheries Inc. Harris Cove, Eastport, Report 94-6 (Finfish) 18pp. 3) 1994, New England Salmon Co. North off Gove Point, North Lubec, Report 94-7 (Finfish), 17 pp. 4) 1993, Coastal Plantations International Inc., Spectacle Island to Goose Island, Cobscook Bay, Eastport, Report 93-1 (Seaweed), 51 pp. 5) 1993, Coastal Plantations International Inc., Goose Island to Mathews Island, Cobscook Bay, Eastport, Report 93-2 (Seaweed), 51 pp. 6) 1993, Coastal Plantations International, Inc. Huckins Ledge, South Bay, Lubec, Report 93-3 (Seaweed), 33pp. 7) 1993, Federal Harbor Farms (Limited Partnership), Off Federal Harbor, South Bay, Lubec, Report 93-4 (Bottom), 34 pp. 8) 1993, Stolt Sea Farm, Johnson Bay, Lubec, Report 93-6 (Finfish), 17 pp. 9) 1992, Jeffrey Stevens, Eastern Johnson Bay, Lubec, Report 92-4 (Finfish), 27 pp. 10) 1991, Maine Pride Salmon, Inc., North of Kendall Head, Eastport, Report 91-2 (Finfish), 58 pp. 11) 1991, Maine Pride Salmon, Inc., St. Croix River, Robbinston, Report 91-3 (Finfish), 114 pp. 12) 1990, Northeast Salmon Farm, East of Red Island, Perry, Report 90-2 (Finfish), 25 pp. 13) 1989, East Coast Fish Farms, Denbow Neck, South Bay, Lubec, Report 89-2 (Finfish), 35 pp. 14) 1989, Lawrence, Vogelsberg and Small, East of Birch Point, Cobscook Bay, Perry, Report 89-3 (Finfish), 32 pp. 15) 1989, New England Salmon Co., Cobscook Bay, Towns of Pery and Eastport, Report 89-4 (Finfish), 28 pp. 16) 1989, New England Salmon Co., Cobscook Bay, Northeast off Gove Point, Steward Neck, Lubec, Report 89-5 (Finfish), 30 pp. 17) 1989, Ocean Products, Inc., Cobscook Bay, Off Comstock Point, Lubec, Report 89-6 (Finfish), 29 pp. Quoddy; aquaculture; hydrography; oceanography; seaweed; flora; fish; vertebrates; fauna

Zooplankton consists of the drifting animals of the sea. Weak locomotor capabilities cause these animals to be at the mercy of currents as they are unable to swim against them. Zooplankton can be categorized or subdivided according to duration of time spent as a zooplankton and size. Those remaining zooplankton for the entire life cycle are holoplankton, e.g. euphausiids and chaetognaths: meroplankton are plankton for only part of their life cycle, e.g. larvae of benthic invertebrates such as crabs and barnacles. Microzooplankton are those less than 1 mm and macrozooplankton those more than 1 mm in size. The latter classification is arbitrary and should be used cautiously. For example, some copepods would be considered microzooplankton as larvae but macrozooplankton as adults.

Chapter 13 deals with microzooplankton and copepods. This chapter is about holoplankton of which adults are usually greater than 5 mm. Included are chaetognaths, pteropods, ctenophores, cnidarians, euphausiids, and amphipods, and also benthic species which undergo a diurnal vertical migration and hence become members of the zooplankton community at night (mysids and cumaceans). (Paragraph on geography deleted)

Both qualitatively and quantitatively, the zooplankton of Passamaquoddy Bay is far less rich than that of the adjacent Bay of Fundy. The variety and quantity, especially of the larger zooplankton, decreases drastically from the Bay of Fundy into the Passages and is generally very poor in the inner portions of Passamaquoddy Bay. None of the holozooplankton listed above form endemic populations within the Quoddy Region. Specimens occurring in this area are part of much larger populations in the Bay of Fundy. The pelagic amphipods, pteropods, and ctenophores are not endemic to the Bay of Fundy and probably originate in the Scotian shelf and/or the Gulf of Maine. As a result, the relative abundance of these taxa varies greatly in time and space, especially in the Quoddy Region. The zooplankton in Passamaquoddy Bay and the Passages is most diverse and abundant in summer, less so in fall and winter, and least diverse and abundant in the spring (Legare and Maclellan 1960).

Other taxa frequently occurring in the zooplankton such as mysids, cumaceans, and decapods inhabit the Quoddy Region throughout the year. The jellyfish, Aurelia aurita, occurs seasonally. The pelagic polychaete, Tomopteris helgolandica occurs spasmodically and is most common during winter. Table 1 provides a brief, generalized summary of the larger zooplankton of the Quoddy Region, their respective habitats, relative depths, and seasonal abundance.zooplankton; Quoddy; fauna; inventory; copepods; benthic; distribution; invertebrates; habitats

The history and current status of alcids nesting in Maine is reviewed. Razorbills and puffins are found on only two islands-Matinicus Rock and Machias Seal Island, the latter claimed by both the United States and Canada. Guillemots nest in substantial numbers along the coast.

The important nesting locations of razorbills, puffins, and guillemots are proposed for inclusion on the Critical Areas Register, and management guidelines are proposed. alcids; seabirds; fauna; reproduction; conservation; Gulf of Maine; life history; distribution; inventory; vertebrates; habitats; birds

The history and current status of Leach's storm petrels nesting in Maine is reviewed. The important nesting locations of Leach's storm petrels are proposed for inclusion on the Critical Areas Register, and management guidelines are proposed. reproduction; Gulf of Maine; seabirds; fauna; conservation; distribution; habitats; vertebrates; birds

The number of licenses in this fishery has remained stable at about 275 since 1981 but, according to log records, total days-fished has declined by a half. Although total landings has also declined by half, the CPUE has only declined marginally, from 4.53 kg/hm in 1981 to 3.55 kg/hm in 1983. Model age-groups of recruited scallops were seven and eight years, reflecting the dominant 1974 and 1975 year-classes which first entered this fishery during 1979. Catch and effort trends from log data for specific fishing sites suggest there may be movement of scallops from bed to bed.

In spite of high fishing pressure, large scallop year-classes appear in the Bay of Fundy in a cyclic fashion. It is speculated the appearance of these year-classes is caused by environmental factors. scallops; Grand Manan; Quoddy; fisheries; distribution; molluscs; invertebrates; fauna; shellfish; bivalves

There is no apparent lack of nutrient salts, nitrates, phosphates and silica being reduced but never depleted. Light is an important factor, but its effect is not clearly distinguishable, the peak of diatom production being reached usually in June at the outer station and in late June or early July at the inner station, while July had the most effective light. Marked reduction in surface salinity from river discharge with consequent stability of the water precedes the spring maximum of phytoplankton, and to a less degree local rainfall of summer has a corresponding effect.diatoms; Passamaquoddy; distribution; phytoplankton; inventory; Quoddy; nutrients; temperature; flora; estuarine