Cobscook Bibliography

Ahn, C. S. and J. B. Andrews (1973). Environmental study of heated effluent at Eastport, Maine, EG & G Inc.; Pittston Company; [Eastport, Maine Oil Refinery and Marine Terminal Proposal], EG & G Inc.; Pittston Company; [Eastport, Maine Oil Refinery and Marine Terminal Proposal].

Amaratunga, T. (1974). Life history, distribution and biology of Mysis stenolepis (Smith) in Passamaquoddy Bay, Masters of Science, University of Guelph.

Amaratunga, T. and S. Corey (1975). "Life history of Mysis stenolepis Smith (Crustacea, Mysidacea)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 53: 942.

Amaratunga, T. and R. K. Misra (1989). "Identification of soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria Linnaeus, 1758) stocks in eastern Canada based on multivariate morphometric analysis." J. Shellfish Res. 8: 391.

Amiro, P. G., R. E. Cutting, et al. (1992). Status of Atlantic salmon stocks of Scotia-Fundy region, 1991, Canadian Atlantic Fisheries Scientific Advisory Committee Research Document (No. 92/21), Canadian Atlantic Fisheries Scientific Advisory Committee, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia.

Anderson, W. A., H. W. Borns Jr., et al. (1989). "Neotectonic activity in coastal Maine." Neotectonics in Maine. Augusta, Maine Geological Survey Bulletin 40. 1.

The crustal warping study has shown that neotectonic activity in Maine is defined by recurrent seismicity and secular changes in relative sea level. Earthquakes have been recorded historically in the state since the 1700s. They occur most commonly in certain areas of Maine, such as the Passamaquoddy Bay region on the Maine-New Brunswick border. Earthquakes also occur in a less concentrated band subparallel to the coast. Although slumping of late Pleistocene and modern marine sediments was observed on the sea floor near mapped bedrock faults, neither the slumps nor the earthquakes have been conclusively linked to specific faults. No postglacial tectonic movement along bedrock faults has yet been recorded in Maine. The causes of Maine earthquakes are unclear, but probable mechanisms include plate tectonic and glacioisostatic stresses.

Sea level has fluctuated profoundly in the western Gulf of Maine during late Quaternary time, but the rate of sea-level change in this region has not been uniform. Maine has experienced the greatest amount of late-glacial marine submergence and subsequent isostatic emergence of any state or province bordering the Gulf of Maine. Sea level is now rising along the Maine coast at rates exceeding the average eustatic rise. Several lines of evidence suggest that eastern Maine is undergoing more rapid submergence than coastal localities to the southwest, probably because of differential crustal subsidence in the vicinity of Passamaquoddy Bay. The collapse and migration of a crustal bulge which formed along the margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet may be contributing to the downwarping and seismic activity. However, this theory alone is not adequate to explain the apparent localization of more rapid subsidence in eastern coastal Maine, which is occurring at rates of up to at least 5mm/yr. The distinctive bedrock lithology, structure, and long-term tectonic mobility of this area are believed to cause its present instability. geology; sea-level change; Fundy; seismicity; Gulf of Maine; Passamaquoddy; Quoddy; bedrock; subsidence

Anderson, W. A., J. T. Kelley, et al. (1989). "Neotectonic activity in coastal Maine: United States of America." Earthquakes at North-Atlantic Passive Margins: Neotectonics and Postglacial Rebound, Kluwer Academic Publishers. 195.

Angus, R. B., P. Woo, et al. (1985). Soft-shell clam surveys in Charlotte County, New Brunswick-1983, Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (No. 1812), Canada, Department of Fisheries and Oceans.

Anonymous (1970). The soft shelled clams (Mya arenaria) in the Machias River estuary and the Starboard Island Bar Machias and Machiasport, Maine, US Dept. of the Interior, Federal Water Quality Administration, Needham Heights, MA.

Anonymous (1993). Annual report of the U.S. Atlantic Salmon Assessment Committee, U.S. Atlantic Salmon Assessment Committee, Turner's Falls, MA (No. 5-1992).

Appleton, T. E. and M. D. B. Burt (1991). "Biochemical characterization of third-stage larval sealworm, Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda; Anisakidae), in Canadian Atlantic waters using isoelectric focusing of soluble proteins." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48: 1800.

Appy, R. G. (1978). Parasites of cod, Gadus morhua L., in the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, University of New Brunswick.

Appy, R. G. and M. J. Dadswell (1981). "Marine and estuarine pisicolid leeches (Hirudinea) of the Bay of Fundy and adjacent water with a key to species." Canadian Journal of Zoology 59(2): 183.

Appy, T. D., L. E. Linkletter, et al. (1980). A guide to the marine flora and fauna of the Bay of Fundy: Annelida: Polycheata, Fishery Marine Services (Canada) (No. 920).

Arnold, D. C. (1975). Sea Attraction, Huntsman Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews, New Brunswick. Mount Allison University. Department of Biology.

Arnold, D. C. (1977). "Fecundity of Balanus balanoides in Passamaquoddy Bay." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 34: 273.

Arnold, P. W. and D. E. Gaskin (1972). "Sight records of right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) and finback whales (Balaenoptera physalus) from the lower Bay of Fundy." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 29(10): 1477.

Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory (1973). Some physical environmental factors relevant to spilled oil in the vicinity of Eastport, Maine, U.S.A., Coastal Oceanography Division, Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory, Coastal Oceanography Division.

Bacon, G. (1984). Shellfish aquaculture development in the southwest Bay of Fundy area: determination of possible PSP influence on operation viability, New Brunswick Research and Productivity Council; Canada, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, New Brunswick Research and Productivity Council. Canada, Department of Fisheries and Oceans. Biological Station (St. Andrews, New Brunswick).

Bailey, L. W. (1912). "Some recent diatoms, freshwater and marine, from the vicinity of the Atlantic Biological Station, St. Andrews, New Brunswick." Contributions of Canadian Biology 1906(10): 243.

From the introduction: During a stay of about ten days at the biological station such opportunities as presented themselves for the collection and study of the diatoms of the neighbourhood were gladly availed of. The material consisted of dredgings made at various points along the course of the St. Croix River and in Passamaquoddy Bay, together with such an as could be derived from the stomachs of various marine animals, as well as fresh water gatherings from adjacents brooks.

The St. Croix River is in this part of its course really an arm of the sea, being wholly salt and traversed by tidal flow, while the amount of fresh water which enters it, at a distance of about twenty miles from the station, is too small to have any appreciable effect upon its salinity. Near the station the width of the so-called river is about two miles, the depth from 18 to 40 fathoms, and the bottom usually a fine mud. The rise and fall of tide is about twenty-five feet. The rock ledges laid bare at low water are well covered with such algae as Fucus, Ulva, Enteromopha, Cladophora, and Ectocarpus, but are lacking in the Rhodophyceae and other delicate forms which are so often the home of attached diatoms, and from the former but few could be obtained. Tidal pools, contrary to expectation, also afforded but few species, and these not in large numbers. A much richer source of material and giving indirectly a much better notion of the forms likely to be met within the waters of Passamaquoddy Bay, was that of the stomachs of flounders speared at low water in Brandy Cove on the side of which the station is placed. Some interesting gatherings were also made on the shores of Campobello Island at Welshpool and elsewhere. No plankton netting was done during the time of my stay at the station.diatoms; Passamaquoddy; Quoddy; algae; tides; phytoplankton; benthic; flora; invertebrates; fauna; seaweed; St. Croix

Bailey, L. W. (1915). "The plankton diatoms of the Bay of Fundy." Contributions of Canadian Biology 1911/14: 11.

Introduction: The Plankton Diatoms constitute a group of peculiar interest in a division of microscopic plants which, in all its branches, afford to the naturalist a field of pleasurable and instructive study.

The term "Plankton" is one which is applied to the entire assemblage of minute, mostly microscopic organisms, including both plants and animals, which are found, often in vast numbers, swimming or floating freely, in the waters of ponds, lakes or in the open ocean, having no connection with the solid earth, but deriving, their food supply from the medium in which they live. So far as the animal kingdom is concerned this floating population embraces members of several groups, such as Infusoria, Foraminifera, and Radiolaria, together with larval forms of Echinoderms, Annelids, Polyzoa, Crustacea and Mollusca, but, as regards plant life, this is confined, with the exception of the small group known as the Peridineae, to the family of the Diatomaceae. These are minute unicellular algae of which the most notable peculiarity is the secreting of a siliceous shell or lorica, determining their form and strength, and which is practically indestructible.

Existing as they do in such enormous numbers in the purer oceanic waters, the plankton Diatoms constitute a very large part of the food of higher oceanic organisms, as is proved by the fact that they are found in such large numbers in the stomachs of marine animals such as echinoderms, crustacea, molluscs and even fishes. Even where these animals are not themselves direct plankton feeders, like the members of the herring and mackerel families, they nevertheless rely for their nourishment upon smaller animals, Copepods and the like, which are thus supported, so that the Diatoms may very properly be regarded as affording the basic food supply for marine life, even in its highest forms.

The features which especially characterize the so-called Plankton Diatoms are those of their adaptation to a life of flotation. This is partly effected by a relative reduction in the amount of silica contained in their cell walls, reducing their specific gravity, but mainly in other ways, such as by the nature of their forms or the development of expedients which favor buoyancy. Thus in certain genera (Coscinodiscus, Actinocyclus, Actinoptychus & c.) the form is that of a nearly flat or slightly convex disc, exposing a large surface in proportion to the thickness of the cell; in others (such as Biddulphia, Melosira, Skeletonema, Rhabdonema, Tabellaria &c.) the frustules, though individually small, are attached to each other to form filaments or chains; while in still others, and these the most characteristic, the desired object is attained by the development of processes, arms or horns, projecting from the cells, and which are often of extravagant length?(Chaetoceros, Bacteriastrum, Nitschia, &c.)?the presence of oil globules in the cells probably also assists in certain cases.

The Biology of the Plankton-Diatoms has, until within a few years, been the subject of comparatively little study; but now that their importance in connection with their relations to the support of other forms of life has been generally recognized, observers at the principal Biological Stations, both in America and Europe, have been giving them much attention. Both their classification and nomenclature are, however, still in a very unsatisfactory state, and the literature of the subject is comparatively small. So far as New Brunswick is concerned absolutely nothing has previously been published, though references to some of the characteristic species have been made by the writer in earlier articles on the Diatoms of the New Brunswick seaboard. Dr. Ramsay Wright has also described and figured some of the species found by him in the Plankton of Canso, N.S. (Contributions to Canadian Biology, 1902-1905).

The materials upon which this paper is based were obtained mainly from Passamaquoddy Bay and the adjoining waters of the Bay of Fundy, and in connection with the work of the Marine Biological Station at St. Andrews. In making the collections very fine silken tow-nets were employed, and their contents examined while still fresh and in their proper element, chemical treatment being apt to disintegrate the concatenate forms, while mounting in balsam will often cause delicate forms, though readily seen in water or dry, to become nearly or quite invisible. It is, however, often necessary to treat the material, after removal of salt by washing and decantation, with Nitric acid, in order to remove the vast number of Copepods and other organisms with which they are associated as well as foreign matters adherent to the Diatoms themselves.

The most frequent accompaniments of the plankton-diatoms, in addition to the Crustacea, are silico-flagellate Infusoria of   the genera Amphorella and Tintinopsis. The literature available to the author in his study of the Plankton of the New Brunswick waters includes the following: ? Smith's Synopsis of British Diatomaceae, Van Heurck's Diatomees de Belgium, Wolle's Diatoms of North America, Nordisches Plankton?Brandt and Apstein?Kiel, Brightwell?On the Filamentous, Long Horned Diatomaceae, (Quarterly Microscopical Journal, London, Vol. IV.). Of these the first three are of a general nature. Only the last two relate especially to the Plankton. In an article by Professor Ramsay Wright in "Contributions to Canadian Biology," published in 39th "Annual Report of the Department of Marine and Fisheries?Canada" some descriptions and figures of the forms occurring at Canso, Nova Scotia are given, and these have been of service in the study of the New Brunswick forms.

In the following account of the species entering into the composition of the Plankton those which may be regarded as especially characteristic of the latter, exhibiting the most marked adaptations to a life of flotation, will be first considered, to be followed by those which, though less marked in this respect, are nevertheless of general or frequent occurrence.

Professor W. A. Herdman, F.R.S. of Liverpool University, who has been in charge of special plankton investigations around the Isle of Man, gives six genera as those which are especially characteristic of the plankton flora of that region, and it is interesting to note that, with one possible exception (Lauderia) all of these occur and in most instances are abundant in the Bay of Fundy and adjacent waters. These genera are Chaetoceros, Rhizosolenia, Biddulphia, Coscinodiscus, Thalassiosira and Lauderia, to which may be added Skeletonema, Bacteriastrum and Asterionella.algae; diatoms; Fundy; phytoplankton; Passamaquoddy; flora; food web; Quoddy

Bailey, L. W. (1917). "The geological features of the St. Croix River and Passamaquoddy Bay." Contributions of Canadian Biology 1915/16: 109.

Bailey, L. W. (1917). "Notes on the phytoplankton of the Bay of Fundy and Passamaquoddy Bay." Contributions of Canadian Biology 1915/16: 93.

The present notes are intended mainly to apply to the Phyto-Plankton of the Bay of Fundy and Passamaquoddy Bay, though occasional references are made to points on the north shore of New Brunswick and to Prince Edward Island. Moreover, as the line between planktonic and non-planktonic forms is ill-defined, species ordinarily regarded as neritic are not unfrequently met with far from shore, and may even constitute a considerable part of any planktonic gathering. In the following pages, lists of such gatherings from numerous localities are given for the various months of the year, excepting December, for which latter month no data are yet available.phytoplankton; diatoms; Fundy; Passamaquoddy; flora; food web; Quoddy

Bailey, L. W. (1924). "An annotated catalogue of the diatoms of Canada, showing their geographical distribution." Contributions of Canadian Biology, New Series 2: 31.

Bailey, W. B. (1954). "Annual variations of temperature and salinity in the Bay of Fundy." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 11(1): 32.

Bailey, W. B. (1957). Some features of the oceanography of the Passamaquoddy region, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Joint Committee on Oceanography Manuscript Report Series (oceanographic and limnological) (No. 2), Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Joint Committee on Oceanography (Canada).

Baillie, W. H. T. (1946). "Polychaeta from the Bay of Fundy." Journal of Fisheries Board of Canada 6(7): 472.

Barker, S. (1993). "Aerial photographs of Cobscook Bay." Maine Department of Marine Resources.

Battle, H. I., A. G. Huntsman, et al. (1936). "Fatness, digestion and food of Passamaquoddy young herring." Journal of Biology Board of Canada 2(4): 401.

Bay of Fundy Weir Fishermen's Association (1973). Submission of the Bay of Fundy Weir Fishermen's Association, Inc. on the proposed oil refinery at Eastport, Maine, Bay of Fundy Weir Fishermen's Association.

Beanlands, G. E. (1974). Summary of physical, biological, socio-economic and other factors relevant to potential oil spills in the Passamaquoddy Region of the Bay of Fundy. Section 8. Shoreland quality for recreation, Fisheries Research Board of Canada Technical Report (No. 428-8), Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

Beland, K. F., J. S. Fletcher, et al. (1982). The Dennys River: An Atlantic salmon river management report, State of Maine, Atlantic Sea Run Salmon Commission.

Introduction: The Dennys River is reported to have been the only Maine river where Atlantic salmon angling preceded the erection of impassable dams (Kendall 1894). This long history of angling may account for the sustained interest in the fishery as evidenced by the involvement of local citizens over a period approaching 150 years.

The Dennys River was selected as the site of the first intensive study of Atlantic salmon in eastern Maine (Goodwin 1942). It was selected because of its native salmon population, lack of pollution and obstructions, and its famed Atlantic salmon angling...

This updated Dennys River report includes a condensation of the original survey data made by Fletcher (1960) as part of a statewide biological survey of Maine lakes, rivers and streams. The anadromous Atlantic salmon, the center of concern of this report, is discussed from a broad base of knowledge of the biology of the species and an accumulation of field experience involving the management and enhancement of the Atlantic salmon resource in the Dennys River. Dennys River; Cobscook; Quoddy; fisheries; salmon; fish; vertebrates; fauna; anadromous

Beland, K. F. (1984). Strategic plan for management of Atlantic salmon in the state of Maine, State of Maine, Atlantic Sea Run Salmon Commission.

From the summary: ... in 1947, the Maine Legislature enacted legislation establishing the Atlantic Sea-Run Salmon Commission... At present wild Atlantic salmon populations that support fisheries are found in seven Maine rivers...

Although the ultimate goal of the Atlantic Sea-Run Salmon Commission is the restoration of Atlantic salmon to all rivers where the species was formerly found, for the balance of this century the Commission offers the following objectives for its Atlantic salmon management operations.

A. Maintain Atlantic salmon populations at current levels of abundance and protect existing fisheries on the Dennys, East Machias, Machias, Pleasant, Narraguagus, Ducktrap and Sheepscot Rivers.

B. Restore Atlantic salmon populations to the Penobscot and St. Croix Rivers.

C. Restore Atlantic salmon populations to the Saco, Aroostook, Union and Royal Rivers (group #1), and the St. George, Kennebec, Androscoggin, Meduxnekeag and Prestile Rivers (group #2), with resources above and beyond those necessary to accomplish Items A and B...

The Strategic Plan was prepared to present the program goal and objective for Atlantic salmon restoration and management in Maine. Included in the plan is a discussion of past and present conditions affecting Atlantic salmon in Maine and estimates of the production potential of present and former Atlantic salmon rivers in Maine. The proposed Atlantic salmon program objective encompasses restoration and management of Atlantic salmon in 99% of the existing habitat in Maine rivers. The plan identifies general problems that will have to be overcome in order to achieve the stated objective... Gulf of Maine; Dennys River; Cobscook; Quoddy; salmon; fish; vertebrates; fauna; anadromous

Bell, H. P. (1927). "Observations on the seasonal disappearance of certain algae in the tide pools near the Biological Station of St. Andrews, New Brunswick." Transcript of Nova Scotian Institute of Science 17: 1.

Bell, M. C. and C. H. Clay (1960). "Facilities for anadromous fish passage: Passamaquoddy Bay." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 17: 507.

Berkeley, E. and C. Berkeley (1954). "Additions to the Polychaeta fauna of Canada, with comments on some older records." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 11(4): 454.

Bigelow, H. B. and W. C. Schroeder (1953). Fishes of the Gulf of Maine, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

The first part of the general report, dealing with the fishes, was published in 1925, as Bulletin 40 (Pt. 1) of the United States Bureau of Fisheries; subsequent parts describing the plankton of the offshore waters of the Gulf and the physical characteristics of its waters were published in 1926-27, as Part 2.

The preparation of the section on the fishes was assigned originally to W. W. Welsh, who had gathered a large body of original observations on the growth, reproduction, diet, and other phases of the lives of many of the more important species. The report was far advanced when it was interrupted by his untimely death, and H. B. Bigelow undertook to carry it to publication along the lines originally laid down. The new edition, entailing a general revision and the addition of much new material, has been prepared jointly by H. B. Bigelow and by W. C. Schroeder. fish; Gulf of Maine; fauna; inventory; life history; plankton; vertebrates

Boardman, S. L. (1903). The Naturalist of the St. Croix. Bangor, ME, C.H. Glass and Company.

Bousfield, E. L. (1952). Zoological investigations in the Maritime Provinces, National Musuem of Canada Bulletin, 126.

Bousfield, E. L. (1960). "Studies on littoral marine arthropods from the Bay of Fundy Region." National Museum of Canada Bulletin Contributions to Zoology(183): 62.

Bousfield, E. L. and D. R. Laubitz (1972). Station lists and new distributional records of littoral marine invertebrates of the Canadian Atlantic and New England regions, Biological Oceanography Publication (No. 5), Canadian National Museum of Natural Sciences.

Bousfield, E. L. and M. L. H. Thomas (1975). "Postglacial changes in distribution of littoral marine invertebrates in the Canadian Atlantic region." Proc. Nova Scotian Institute of Science 27, Supplement 3: 47.

Boyar, H. C. (1959). "Swimming Speed of Immature Sea Herring." International Passamaquoddy Fisheries Board Report to International Joint Commission, Appendix 3, Biology; studies in biology for the Passamaquoddy Power Project. Ottawa, Ontario; Washington, D.C., International Joint Commission. 17.

Brady, S. (?). Particle size and cation exchange in clays from Saco River, Cobscook Bay and West Quoddy Head, Maine, Department of Chemistry course paper, Keene State College.

Brattey, J., A. Campbell, et al. (1985). "Geographic distribution and seasonal occurrence of the nemertean Pseudocarcinonemertes homari on the American lobster, Homarus americanus." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42(2): 360.

Braune, B. M. and D. E. Gaskin (1981). "Feeding methods and diving rates of migrating larids off Deer Island, New Brunswick." Canadian Journal of Zoology 60: 2190.

Braune, B. M. and D. E. Gaskin (1982). "The feeding ecology of non-breeding populations of larids off Deer Island, New Brunswick." Auk 99: 67.

Braune, B. M. and D. E. Gaskin (1987). "A mercury budget for the Bonaparte's gull during autumn moult." Ornis Scand 18(4): 244.

Braune, B. M. and D. E. Gaskin (1987). "Mercury levels in Bonaparte's gulls (Larus philadelphia) during autumn molt in the Quoddy Region, New Brunswick, Canada." Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicology 16(5): 539.

Brawn, V. M. (1960). "Seasonal and diurnal vertical distribution of herring (Clupea harengus L.) in Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 17(5): 699.

Brinkhurst, R. O., L. E. Linkletter, et al. (1976). A preliminary guide to the littoral and sublittoral marine invertebrates of Passamaquoddy Bay, Fisheries and Marine Service. Biological Station (St. Andrews, New Brunswick), Fisheries and Marine Service. Biological Station (St. Andrews, New Brunswick). Identification Center.

Bristow, G. A. and R. L. Vadas Sr. (1991). "Genetic variability in bloodworm (Glycera dibranchiata) populations in the Gulf of Maine." Marine Biology 109: 311.

Brooks, A. (1993). Tidal Power: Dream and reality with special reference to Cobscook Bay, Maine, Report to the Maine Chapter, The Nature Conservancy, Brunswick, ME.

Brooks, D. and L. Churchill (1991). Experiments with a terrain-following hydrodynamic model for Cobscook Bay in the Gulf of Maine. International Conference of Estuarian Coastal Modeling, Tampa.

Brooks, D. A. (1992). "Tides and tidal power in Passamaquoddy Bay: A numerical simulation." Cont. Shelf Res. 12(5-6): 675.

Brown, B. (1993). A classification system of marine and estuarine habitats in Maine. Part 1: Benthic habitats, Maine Natural Areas Program, Department of Economic and Community Development.

Several trends were identified by this effort. Some areas are better studied than others. More is known about intertidal habitats than subtidal ones, common species than rare ones, nearshore habitats than offshore habitats, summer composition of assemblages than the winter composition, and polyhaline estuarine habitats than oligohaline estuarine habitats. This classification system can be used in numerous ways including, but not limited to, the following: (a) to prioritize habitats for management and protection, (b) to inventory biodiversity of Maine's marine and estuarine areas, and (c) to assess the influence of human disturbance of these natural systems. It is anticipated that future work will entail developing a classification for pelagic habitats, ranking of habitats for uses in their management, and initiating inventory of selected habitats as well as verifying some of the literature analyzed in development of the classification. intertidal; subtidal; estuarine; benthic; habitats; inventory

Brown, R. G. (1974). Summary of physical, biological, socio-economic and other factors relevant to potential oil spills in the Passamaquoddy Region of the Bay of Fundy. Section 5. The possible effects of oil spills on marine birds, Fisheries Research Board of Canada Technical Report (No. 428-5), Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

Brown, R. G. B. and D. E. Gaskin (1988). "The pelagic ecology of the grey and red-necked phalaropes Phalaropus fulicarius and P. lobatus in the Bay of Fundy, eastern Canada." Ibis 130: 234.

Brown, R. G. B. and D. E. Gaskin (1989). "Summer zooplankton distributions at the surface of the outer Bay of Fundy, eastern Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67(11): 2725.

Bumpus, D. F. (1960). "Sources of water contributed to the Bay of Fundy by surface circulation." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 17(2): 181.

Secular variations in the removal of surface water from the Bay of Fundy, indicative of changes in the Maine eddy, were noted during 1957 and 1958. Fundy; Gulf of Maine; circulation; hydrography; currents; oceanography

Bumpus, D. F. e. a. (?). Studies in Physical Oceanography for the Passamaquoddy River Power Project Appendix 1 Oceanology; Appendix 2 Biology, International Joint Commission International Passamaquoddy Fisheries Commission.

Butcher, S. S. (1977). Existing air quality, Eastport, September 20, 1975 to November 29, 1975, Bureau of Air Quality, Maine Department of Environmental Protection, Augusta, ME.

Cabilio, P., D. L. DeWolfe, et al. (1987). "Fish catches and long-term tidal cycles in Northwest Atlantic fisheries: A nonlinear regression approach." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44(11): 1890.

Caddy, J. F. and R. A. Chandler (1976). Historical statistics of landings of inshore species in the Maritime Provinces, 1947-73, Fisheries Marine Service Res. Dev. Technical Report (No. 639).

An overall examination of landing trends distinguished two principal groups of species: those for which fisheries have been in effect since before the present system of fisheries districts was instituted (1947). These include most of our high unit-value species, for many of which downward trends in landings are in effect. A second group of fisheries began, or intensified, in the 1960s, largely as a result of diversion from more traditional resources. This group includes a number of high volume, low unit-value species (e.g., Irish moss, Chondrus crispus), and has contributed to an overall increase in landed weights since the mid-1960s. There is evidence, however, that, after allowance is made for rapid increases in unit price paid over the last decade, the upward trend in total landed value for all "inshore" species would be reversed to show a slow decline in real value of landed resources over the last two decades. fish; shellfish; fauna; fisheries; distribution; Northwest Atlantic; Fundy; vertebrates

Campbell, A. (1979). Invertebrates and marine plants commercial landings in the Passamaquoddy region and Bay of Fundy 1973-78, Canada Fisheries Marine Service (No. 901).

Campbell, A. (1983). "Growth of tagged American lobsters, Homarus americanus, in the Bay of Fundy." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 40: 1667.

Campbell, A. (1985). Migratory movements of ovigerous lobsters, Homarus americanus, tagged off Grand Manan, eastern Canada. 3. Colloq. Crustacea Decapoda Mediterranea; March 25, 1985, Barcelona (Spain), Consejo Super. de Investigaciones Cientificas, Barcelona (Spain).

Campbell, A. (1986). "Migratory movements of ovigerous lobsters, Homarus americanus, tagged off Grand Manan, eastern Canada." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43: 2197.

Campbell, A. (1990). "Aggregations of berried lobsters (Homarus americanus) in shallow waters off Grand Manan, eastern Canada." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47(3): 520.

Campbell, A. and D. R. Duggan (1980). Review of the Grand Manan lobster fishery with an analysis of recent catch and effort trends, Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (No. 997).

Initial population biomass estimates of commercial-sized lobsters by using Leslie regression analysis of catch-per-unit-effort data for 7 yr ranged from 346,432 to 569,320 kg for the 1978-79 and 1952-53 fishing seasons, respectively, off southern Grand Manan. Exploitation rates have generally increased from 56.4% during l948-49 to 84.9% during 1979-80 in southern Grand Manan. lobsters; fauna; Grand Manan; Quoddy; fisheries; crustaceans; invertebrates; shellfish

Campbell, A. and A. B. Stasko (1986). "Movements of lobsters (Homarus americanus) tagged in the Bay of Fundy, Canada." Marine Biology 92: 393.

Campbell, D. E. and J. S. Wroblewski (1986). "Fundy tidal power development and fish production in the Gulf of Maine." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43(1): 78.

Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Maine Department of Marine Resources, et al. (1988). Long-term management plan for the diadromous fisheries of the St. Croix River, Can. Manu. Rept. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (No. 1969), Department of Fisheries and Oceans.

Canada Department of the Environment (1974). Summary of physical, biological, socio-economic and other factors relevant to potential oil spills in the Passamaquoddy Region of the Bay of Fundy, Fisheries Research Board of Canada Technical Report (No. 428), Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

Canada, P. (1985). The West Isles feasibility study: a study to assess the feasibility of establishing a national marine park in the West Isles area of the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick: Phase 1 report, Fredericton, New Brunswick: Tourism New Brunswick; Hull, Quebec: Parks Canada.

Canadian Wildlife Service (1979). Summary of unpublished surveys of waterfowl and seabirds 1973-79, Canadian Fisheries Marine Service (No. 901).

Carroll E. Taylor and Associates (1971). Preliminary Report Sewerage and Sewage Treatment Facilities, City of Eastport, Maine, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Project Number P-ME-3221 Preliminary Report, Carroll E. Taylor and Associates, Auburn, Maine.

Caswell, W. B. (1976). Bedrock Surface Topography in Washington County, Maine Bureau of Geology.

Caswell, W. B. (1976). Thickness of Overburden in Washington County, Maine Bureau of Geology.

Caswell, W. B. (1976). Total Depth of Bedrock Wells in Washington County, Maine Bureau of Geology.

Caswell, W. B. (1976). Yield of Bedrock Wells in Washington County, Maine Bureau of Geology.

Cembella, A. D. and F. J. R. Taylor (1984). "Genetic variability within the Protogonyaulax (= Gonyaulax) catenella/tamarensis species complex (Dinophyceae)." J. Phycol. 20(suppl. 27).

Chas. T. Main Inc. (1980). Half Moon Cove Tidal Project, Feasibility Report prepared for Passamaquoddy Tribal Council.

The basin impounded by the barrier when full will be approximately 1.2 square miles. The average tidal range at Eastport is 18.2 feet. The maximum spring tidal range will be 26.2 feet and the neap tidal range 12.8 feet. The project will be of the single pool-type single effect in which generation takes place on the ebb tide only. tidal power; Eastport; Cobscook; Quoddy

Chenoweth, S. (1992). The Green Sea Urchin in Maine: Fishery and Biology, Maine Department of Marine Resources, Augusta, ME, Maine Department of Marine Resources.

Chenoweth, S. and J. McGowan . Periwinkles in Maine: Fishery and Biology, Maine Department of Marine Resources, Augusta, ME.

Chenoweth, S. B., D. A. Libby, et al. (1989). "Origin and dispersion of larval herring (Clupea harengus) in coastal waters of eastern Maine and southwestern New Brunswick." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46(4): 624.

Chevrier, J. R. (1959). "Drift bottle experiments in the Quoddy region." International Passamaquoddy Fisheries Board Report to International Joint Commission; Appendix 1, Oceanography; studies in physical oceanography for the Passamaquoddy Power Project. Ottawa, Ontario; Washington, D.C. 47.

Chevrier, J. R. and R. W. Trites (1960). "Drift bottle experiments in the Quoddy region, Bay of Fundy." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 17(6): 743.

Chmura, G. (1997). Identification and conservation of regionally significant habitats in Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick and Cobscook Bay, Maine, McGill University.

Christie, D. S. (1983). "Birds." Marine and coastal systems of the Quoddy region, New Brunswick. Ottawa, Department of Fisheries and Oceans. 215.

The coastal situation and varied habitats attract a large variety and quantity of birds to the Quoddy Region. Of most interest are the aquatic species of inshore marine habitats, the large numbers of phalaropes and gulls which congregate around Head Harbour Passage, and certain pelagic birds of the Grand Manan Channel. Also offering ample opportunities for study are shorebirds, of which the wintering Purple Sandpipers are most significant, and many terrestrial species that frequent coastal habitats.

The birds most poorly represented in the Quoddy Region are the dabbling ducks, rails, and other species of freshwater marshes which can be studied just outside the region at Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge in Maine.

Despite many interesting features there has been relatively little systematic study of the avifauna of this region. With a few exceptions, the description that follows results from preliminary, restricted studies and from the casual observations of birdwatchers. inventory; Quoddy; habitats; phalaropes; gulls; seabirds; shorebirds; fauna; vertebrates; birds

Churchill, L. U. (1990). Pre-lease monitoring of pen sites in Maine: The environmental impacts of finfish culture (Contained in Summary, Gulf of Maine Working Group, Aquaculture Workshop, March 1, 1990), Huntsman Marine Science Centers, St. Andrews.

Churchill, L. U. (1994). Aquaculture Lease Site Review (No. 94-3), Department of Marine Resources.

The following Aquaculture Lease Site Reviews (all in Maine) are available from the Department of Marine Resources: 1) 1994, Stanley, MacNichol and Thomas R. Pottle, The Old Toll Bridge areas, Cobscook Bay, Perry, Report 94-3 (Suspended) 18 pp. 2) 1994, Friendship Fisheries Inc. Harris Cove, Eastport, Report 94-6 (Finfish) 18pp. 3) 1994, New England Salmon Co. North off Gove Point, North Lubec, Report 94-7 (Finfish), 17 pp. 4) 1993, Coastal Plantations International Inc., Spectacle Island to Goose Island, Cobscook Bay, Eastport, Report 93-1 (Seaweed), 51 pp. 5) 1993, Coastal Plantations International Inc., Goose Island to Mathews Island, Cobscook Bay, Eastport, Report 93-2 (Seaweed), 51 pp. 6) 1993, Coastal Plantations International, Inc. Huckins Ledge, South Bay, Lubec, Report 93-3 (Seaweed), 33pp. 7) 1993, Federal Harbor Farms (Limited Partnership), Off Federal Harbor, South Bay, Lubec, Report 93-4 (Bottom), 34 pp. 8) 1993, Stolt Sea Farm, Johnson Bay, Lubec, Report 93-6 (Finfish), 17 pp. 9) 1992, Jeffrey Stevens, Eastern Johnson Bay, Lubec, Report 92-4 (Finfish), 27 pp. 10) 1991, Maine Pride Salmon, Inc., North of Kendall Head, Eastport, Report 91-2 (Finfish), 58 pp. 11) 1991, Maine Pride Salmon, Inc., St. Croix River, Robbinston, Report 91-3 (Finfish), 114 pp. 12) 1990, Northeast Salmon Farm, East of Red Island, Perry, Report 90-2 (Finfish), 25 pp. 13) 1989, East Coast Fish Farms, Denbow Neck, South Bay, Lubec, Report 89-2 (Finfish), 35 pp. 14) 1989, Lawrence, Vogelsberg and Small, East of Birch Point, Cobscook Bay, Perry, Report 89-3 (Finfish), 32 pp. 15) 1989, New England Salmon Co., Cobscook Bay, Towns of Pery and Eastport, Report 89-4 (Finfish), 28 pp. 16) 1989, New England Salmon Co., Cobscook Bay, Northeast off Gove Point, Steward Neck, Lubec, Report 89-5 (Finfish), 30 pp. 17) 1989, Ocean Products, Inc., Cobscook Bay, Off Comstock Point, Lubec, Report 89-6 (Finfish), 29 pp. Quoddy; aquaculture; hydrography; oceanography; seaweed; flora; fish; vertebrates; fauna

Churchill, L. U., J. W. Sowles, et al. (1994). Aquaculture Program Summary Report, Maine Department of Marine Resources.

Coastal Research Corporation (1972). Aerial photography of dye dispersion in the St. Croix River, An interpretation report prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 1.

Commission, I. J. (1961). Investigation of the International Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Project, Report to United States of America and Canada on Investigation of the International Passamaquoddy Tidal Project Maine and New Brunswick (No. 72).

Commission, I. P. F. International Passamaquoddy Fisheries Board. Appendix-3 Biology United States. Appendix-4 Economics Canada. Appendix-5 Economics United States, International Joint Commission, Ottawa, Washington, DC.

Commito, J. A. and P. B. Shrader (1985). "Benthic community response to experimental additions of the polychaete Nereis virens." Marine Biology 86: 101.

Cook, R. H. (1988). "Salmon aquaculture in the Bay of Fundy: A quiet success." Bulletin of the Aquaculture Association of Canada 88(2): 28.

Copeland, G. G. (1912). "The temperatures and densities and allied subjects of Passamaquoddy Bay in 1914." Contribution to Canadian Biology: 281.

Corey, S. (1976). "The life history of Diastylis sculpta Sars, 1871 (Crustacea: Cumacea) in Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick." Canadian Journal of Zoology 54: 615.

Corey, S. (1981). "Distribution of certain Arctic and Subarctic Cumacea in Canadian waters." Canadian Journal of Zoology 59: 1726.

Corey, S. (1981). "The life history of Crangon septemspinosa Say (Decapoda, Caridea) in the shallow sublittoral area of Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick, Canada." Crustaceana 41(1): 21.

Corey, S. (1983). "Larger zooplankton of the Quoddy region." Marine and coastal systems of the Quoddy region, New Brunswick. Ottawa, Department of Fisheries and Oceans. 193.

Zooplankton consists of the drifting animals of the sea. Weak locomotor capabilities cause these animals to be at the mercy of currents as they are unable to swim against them. Zooplankton can be categorized or subdivided according to duration of time spent as a zooplankton and size. Those remaining zooplankton for the entire life cycle are holoplankton, e.g. euphausiids and chaetognaths: meroplankton are plankton for only part of their life cycle, e.g. larvae of benthic invertebrates such as crabs and barnacles. Microzooplankton are those less than 1 mm and macrozooplankton those more than 1 mm in size. The latter classification is arbitrary and should be used cautiously. For example, some copepods would be considered microzooplankton as larvae but macrozooplankton as adults.

Chapter 13 deals with microzooplankton and copepods. This chapter is about holoplankton of which adults are usually greater than 5 mm. Included are chaetognaths, pteropods, ctenophores, cnidarians, euphausiids, and amphipods, and also benthic species which undergo a diurnal vertical migration and hence become members of the zooplankton community at night (mysids and cumaceans). (Paragraph on geography deleted)

Both qualitatively and quantitatively, the zooplankton of Passamaquoddy Bay is far less rich than that of the adjacent Bay of Fundy. The variety and quantity, especially of the larger zooplankton, decreases drastically from the Bay of Fundy into the Passages and is generally very poor in the inner portions of Passamaquoddy Bay. None of the holozooplankton listed above form endemic populations within the Quoddy Region. Specimens occurring in this area are part of much larger populations in the Bay of Fundy. The pelagic amphipods, pteropods, and ctenophores are not endemic to the Bay of Fundy and probably originate in the Scotian shelf and/or the Gulf of Maine. As a result, the relative abundance of these taxa varies greatly in time and space, especially in the Quoddy Region. The zooplankton in Passamaquoddy Bay and the Passages is most diverse and abundant in summer, less so in fall and winter, and least diverse and abundant in the spring (Legare and Maclellan 1960).

Other taxa frequently occurring in the zooplankton such as mysids, cumaceans, and decapods inhabit the Quoddy Region throughout the year. The jellyfish, Aurelia aurita, occurs seasonally. The pelagic polychaete, Tomopteris helgolandica occurs spasmodically and is most common during winter. Table 1 provides a brief, generalized summary of the larger zooplankton of the Quoddy Region, their respective habitats, relative depths, and seasonal abundance.zooplankton; Quoddy; fauna; inventory; copepods; benthic; distribution; invertebrates; habitats

Corey, S. (1983). "The life history of Diastylis quadrispinosa (Sars, 1871) (Crustacea: Cumacea) in Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick." Canadian Journal of Zoology 61(1): 108.

Corey, S. (1987). "Reproductive strategies and comparative fecundity of Crangon septemspinosa Say (Decapoda, Caridea)." Crustaceana 52(1): 25.

Corey, S. (1988). "Quantitative distributional patterns and aspects of the biology of the Mysidacea (Crustacea: Peracarida) in the zooplankton of the Bay of Fundy region." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66(7): 1545.

Corey, S. (1990). "Distributional patterns of Amphipoda in the Bay of Fundy region, Canada." Crustaceana 58: 291.

Costello, G. J. (1987). Final field report: CHS/UNB shore party, May 4 -June 14, 1987, Sand Point Marine Terminal, St. Croix River, New Brunswick, Canadian Hydrographic Service, Atlantic Region, Canadian Hydrographic Service, Atlantic Region.

Cowger, J. (1976). Alcid Nesting Habitat On The Maine Coast and Its Relevance to the Critical Areas Program, Maine Critical Areas Program Planning Report (No. 5), Maine Critical Areas Program, State Planning Office.

The history and current status of alcids nesting in Maine is reviewed. Razorbills and puffins are found on only two islands-Matinicus Rock and Machias Seal Island, the latter claimed by both the United States and Canada. Guillemots nest in substantial numbers along the coast.

The important nesting locations of razorbills, puffins, and guillemots are proposed for inclusion on the Critical Areas Register, and management guidelines are proposed. alcids; seabirds; fauna; reproduction; conservation; Gulf of Maine; life history; distribution; inventory; vertebrates; habitats; birds

Cowger, J. (1976). The Nesting Habitat of the Leach's Storm-Petrel in Maine and Its Relevance to the Critical Areas Program, Maine Critical Areas Program Planning Report (No. 6), Critical Areas Program, Natural Resource Planning Division, Maine State Planning Office.

The history and current status of Leach's storm petrels nesting in Maine is reviewed. The important nesting locations of Leach's storm petrels are proposed for inclusion on the Critical Areas Register, and management guidelines are proposed. reproduction; Gulf of Maine; seabirds; fauna; conservation; distribution; habitats; vertebrates; birds

Craigie, E. H. (1916). "Hydrographic investigations in the St. Croix River and Passamaquoddy Bay in 1914." Contributions to Canadian Biology: 151.

Craigie, E. H. (1918). "Further hydrographic investigations in the Bay of Fundy." Contributions to Canadian Biology 1917/18: 127.

Cummings, L. M. (1967). Geology of the Passamaquoddy Bay region, Charlotte County, New Brunswick, Geological Survey Canada (No. 65-29).

Daborn, G. R., Ed. (1977). Fundy Tidal Power and The Environment: Proceedings of a workshop on the Environmental Implications of Fundy Tidal Power held at Wolfville, Nova Scotia, November 4-5, 1976. Wolfville, Nova Scotia, The Acadia University Institute.

Daborn, G. R. (1984). Zooplankton studies in the upper Bay of Fundy since 1976, Can. Tech. Rept. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (No. 1256).

Dadswell, M. J., R. Bradford, et al. (1984). A review of research on fishes and fisheries in the Bay of Fundy between 1976 and 1983 with particular reference to its upper reaches, Can. Tech. Rept. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (No. 1256).

Dadswell, M. J., R. Chandler, et al. (1984). Southwest New Brunswick and Grand Manan scallop stock assessment, Canadian Atlantic Fisheries Scientific Scientific Advisory Committee Research Document (No. 84/28).

The number of licenses in this fishery has remained stable at about 275 since 1981 but, according to log records, total days-fished has declined by a half. Although total landings has also declined by half, the CPUE has only declined marginally, from 4.53 kg/hm in 1981 to 3.55 kg/hm in 1983. Model age-groups of recruited scallops were seven and eight years, reflecting the dominant 1974 and 1975 year-classes which first entered this fishery during 1979. Catch and effort trends from log data for specific fishing sites suggest there may be movement of scallops from bed to bed.

In spite of high fishing pressure, large scallop year-classes appear in the Bay of Fundy in a cyclic fashion. It is speculated the appearance of these year-classes is caused by environmental factors. scallops; Grand Manan; Quoddy; fisheries; distribution; molluscs; invertebrates; fauna; shellfish; bivalves

Dadswell, M. J., R. A. Chandler, et al. (1988). "Spat settlement and early growth of Placopecten magellanicus in Passamaquoddy Bay, Canada." J. Shellfish Res. 7(1): 153.

Dames & Moore (1973). An analysis of oceanographic and marine biological conditions as they relate to the potential development of a deep water port and refinery at Eastport, Maine, A preliminary draft prepared for the Department of Fisheries and Environment, Province of New Brunswick, Department of Fisheries and Environment, Province of New Brunswick.

Das, N. (1968). Spawning, distribution, survival, and growth of larval herring (Clupea harengus L.) in relation to hydrographic conditions in the Bay of Fundy, Fish. Res. Bd. Can. Tech. Rep. (No. 88).

Das, N. (1972). "Growth of larval herring (Clupea harengus) in the Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of Maine." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 29(5): 573.

Davidson, L. A. (1988). "The reproduction cycle of the giant scallop Placopecten magellanicus in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence and Passamaquoddy Bay." J. Shellfish Res. 7(1): 154.

Davidson, V. M. (1927). The causation of diatom maxima. (A) Report for 1926. (B) Report for 1927, Fisheries Research Board of Canada Manu. Rept. of the Biological Station (No. 437), Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

Davidson, V. M. (1934). "Fluctuations in the abundance of planktonic diatoms in the Passamaquoddy region, New Brunswick, from 1924-1931." Contributions of Canadian Biology, New series 8: 359.

There is no apparent lack of nutrient salts, nitrates, phosphates and silica being reduced but never depleted. Light is an important factor, but its effect is not clearly distinguishable, the peak of diatom production being reached usually in June at the outer station and in late June or early July at the inner station, while July had the most effective light. Marked reduction in surface salinity from river discharge with consequent stability of the water precedes the spring maximum of phytoplankton, and to a less degree local rainfall of summer has a corresponding effect.diatoms; Passamaquoddy; distribution; phytoplankton; inventory; Quoddy; nutrients; temperature; flora; estuarine

Davis, C. Hersey, et al. (1909). The Development of the Pennamaquan River Power and Its Transmission to Eastport, Thesis in Electrical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono.

Detweiler, J. D. (1915). "Preliminary notes on the mollusca of St. Andrews and vicinity, New Brunswick." Contributions of Canadian Biology 1911/14: 43.

DeWolf, G. (1974). Summary of physical, biological, socio-economic and other factors relevant to potential oil spills in the Passamaquoddy Region of the Bay of Fundy. Section 7. Tourism and recreation, and recreational fishing and boating, Fisheries Research Board of Canada Tech. (No. 428-7), Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

DeWolf, G., J. F. McAvoy, et al. (1974). Summary of physical, biological, socio-economic and other factors relevant to potential oil spills in the Passamaquoddy Region of the Bay of Fundy. Section 6. Population, fishing activity and fish processing, Charlotte County, New Brunswick, and Bay of Fundy, Fisheries Research Board of Canada Tech. (No. 428-6), Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

Dickerson, S. (1994). A method for the selection of ecological reserves in regions lacking well-developed ecological data, Master of the Philosophy of Human Ecology, College of the Atlantic.

Application of the method is demonstrated in the Dennys River and Bay Watershed, located in eastern Maine. The first seven strategies were applied to delineate a preliminary set of ecological reserve areas. Application of the final two strategies were found to be more effective at a later stage in planning and implementation of the potential reserve system. Emerging technologies--geographical information systems (GIS), satellite imagery, and global positioning systems (GPS)--were used to inventory, develop, and analyze data, and display application results as illustrative maps. The results of this demonstration are discussed, and recommendations made for monitoring the effectiveness of the ecological reserve system at conserving biological diversity in the Dennys Watershed, if the system is implemented in the future. Such monitoring is essential to improve future selection and management of ecological reserves. Advisor: John Anderson. ecology; conservation; Cobscook; Quoddy; maps; GIS; Dennys River; inventory

Dickson, S. M. and J. T. Kelley, et al. (1994). Geomorphology and sedimentary framework of the inner continental shelf of downeast Maine, Maine Geological Survey, Open File (No. 94-11).

Dobson, D., B. Petrie, et al. (1981). Long term temperature monitoring program 1980, Bedford Institute of Oceanography Data series BI-D (No. 81-3).

Fisheries and Oceans
Library
Bedford Institute of Oceanography
P.O. Box 1006
Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada B2Y 4A2
(902) 426-3683
hydrography; temperature; climate; oceanography

Doggett, L. F., P. F. Larsen, et al. (1978). Intertidal Bedrock Areas of High Species Diversity in Maine, and Their Relevance to the Critical Areas Program, Maine Critical Areas Program Planning Report (No. 55), Critical Areas Program, Natural Resource Planning Division, Maine State Planning Office.

This report documents and describes areas of high species diversity at 18 intertidal bedrock sites. Also included (for the 12 sites which were field checked) are species lists which state the zone in which the species was found and the relative abundance of the species.

General information on marine invertebrates is provided. Abiotic and biotic factors as they pertain to the species in this habitat are discussed. Descriptions of the intertidal zones and the species which were present at the sites which were checked are included.

Criteria for determining significant sites are stated. It is recommended that additional sites be considered and that they be evaluated based on the criteria presented in this report.

Intertidal bedrock areas of high species diversity can be disturbed and/or destroyed by over-collecting and excessive foot traffic. Therefore, this report recommends that the 18 sites described here be evaluated for inclusion in the Register of Critical Areas. geology; intertidal; diversity; inventory; invertebrates; conservation; Gulf of Maine; bedrock; fauna; tide pools; rocky; habitats

Doucet, W. F. (1960). "Economic study of the herring fishery of Charlotte County, New Brunswick, 1956-1957." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 17(6): 815.

It is expected that the construction of the proposed power dams would add to the cost of maintaining and operating weirs in Passamaquoddy Bay, thereby reducing returns to owners and fishermen in this segment of the industry. In view of the low earnings now derived from weir fishing in certain sections of the area, it is likely that a number of weir owners would not continue to maintain their weir investments if the power dams were built. herring; fisheries; Passamaquoddy; Quoddy; tidal power; economics; fish; vertebrates; fauna

Dow, R. L. (1955). The U.S. commercial fisheries of the St. Croix estuary, International Joint Commission, Maine Department of Sea & Shore Fishery.

Dow, R. L. (1959). "Investigation of Past, Present, and Possible Future Status of Fish and Shellfish Species in the United States Area Affected by the Passamaquoddy Power Project." International Passamaquoddy Fisheries Board Report to International Joint Commission; Appendix 3, Biology; studies in biology for the Passamaquoddy Power Project. Ottawa, Ontario; Washington, D.C., International Joint Commission. 103.

Dow, R. L. and F. T. Baird (1960). Scallop resource of the United States Passamaquoddy area, U.S., Fishery and Wildlife Service Special Science Report - Fisheries (No. 367), United States, Fishery and Wildlife Service.

Duncan, C. D. (1996). "The migration of red-necked phalaropes." Birding (December 1996): 482.

E.G.&G (1973). Geophysical and drogue study/current profile reports. Eastport tanker terminal project, Frederick R. Harris Company.

Eaton, D. C. (1873). "List of marine algae collected near Eastport, Maine in August and September, 1873, in connection with the work of the U.S. Fisheries Commission, under Professor S.F. Baird." Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts and Sci. 2: 343.

Ebel, J. E. (1989). "The seismicity of Maine." Neotectonics of Maine. Augusta, Maine Geological Survey Bulletin 40. 219.

Emerson, C. W. and J. C. Roff (1987). "Implications of fecal pellet size and zooplankton behaviour to estimates of pelagic-benthic carbon flux." Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 35: 251.

Emson, R. H., P. V. Mladenov, et al. (1991). "The feeding mechanism of the basket star Gorgonocephalus arcticus." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69(2): 449.

Famous, N. and M. Spencer (1993). An ecological assessment and landscape analysis of the Cobscook Bay region, Report to the Maine Chapter, The Nature Conservancy, Brunswick, ME.

Fefer, S. I. (1977). The American Eider (Somateria mollissima dresseri) in Maine and its Relevance to the Critical Areas Program, Maine Critical Areas Program Planning Report (No. 27), Critical Areas Program, Natural Resource Planning Division, Maine State Planning Office.

The major threat to breeding populations of eiders is human disturbance during the nesting season. The production of young in a disturbed colony can be seriously diminished for the breeding season. Other limiting factors include the presence of either predatory birds and mammals or domestic animals.

Criteria for determining significant nesting areas for the eider duck in Maine are defined and a historical review of eider duck nesting on the Maine coast is presented. In 1976, the birds nested on at least 215 islands in Maine of which 49 were of significance for eiders. These significant areas provided breeding habitat for at least 60 percent of Maine's 1976 eider population. It is suggested that these nesting areas be maintained in their present condition and that human disturbance on such islands be restricted during the nesting season (1 May - 15 July). ducks; reproduction; eiders; fauna; population; life history; vertebrates; habitats; birds

Findlay, J. A., A. Daljeet, et al. (1983). "Some constituents of the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa (Abs.)." Mar. Chem. 12(2-3): 228.

Fink, L. K., Jr., D. M. Pope, et al. (1976). Heavy metal levels in suspended particulates, biota and sediments of the St. Croix estuary in Maine, Land and Water Resources Institute, University of Maine, OWRT Project No. B-010-ME, University of Maine.

A fact that emerges from this report is that, despite the relatively small scale of industrial activities in the St. Croix River, the accumulation of heavy metals, which are direct consequences of anthropogenic activity, in the biota and sediment is equivalent to the levels reported from areas characterized by large-scale industrialization. The main distinction between the two scales of activity seems to be more one of the areal extent of the impact and not the degree. In general, the elevated levels are restricted in areal extent in the St. Croix River and are not observed throughout the system.

The results of this study have provided a basis for evaluating water quality assessment techniques for heavy metals. Increased heavy metal contributions were indicated, not by analyses of the water compartment, but by analyses of the biota and sediment compartments, thereby strongly suggesting a revised approach to water quality assessment and monitoring techniques. The impact-assessment techniques also demonstrate the significance of using sediment cores to increase the understanding of heavy metal transport mechanisms and pathways among compartments in estuaries. The results from sediment cores are highly reproducible and afford a means for a) assessing factors influencing metal accumulation levels, b) comparing variable areas, c) establishing background levels, and d) defining reference sections for assessing future changes in heavy metal contributions from anthropogenic activities. These conclusions are consistent with theoretical predictions based on the carrier-reservoir equilibrium model proposed as a working concept for this study.

The sequestering of most of the anthropogenic contributions of heavy metals within the estuarine environmental compartments is consistent with findings of other studies and suggests that additional efforts now be directed toward determining the potential for back-transport mechanisms from metal-laden sediments which may result even after toxic effluent treatment schedules are realized. metals; Passamaquoddy; Quoddy; contaminants; pollution; sediments; estuarine; St. Croix; effluent; industry

Fish, C. J. (1936a). "The biology of Calanus finmarchicus in the Gulf of Maine and Bay of Fundy." Biological Bulletin 70: 118.

Monthly cruises were made from July 28, 1931 to September 29, 1932 in the Bay of Fundy and from April to September, 1932, in the inner part of the Gulf of Maine, with one cruise in the outer Gulf and along the south coast of Nova Scotia, yielding in all a total of 838 zooplankton samples (Fig. 1). In August 1931 one line of stations was taken in the Gulf... Fundy; Gulf of Maine; zooplankton; invertebrates; fauna; distribution; reproduction; life history

Fish, C. J. (1936b). "The biology of Pseudocalanus minutus in the Gulf of Maine and Bay of Fundy." Biological Bulletin 70: 193.

Fish, C. J. (1936c). "The biology of Oithona similis in the Gulf of Maine and Bay of Fundy." Biological Bulletin 71: 165.

This paper forms the third of a series on the biology of zooplankton species in the Gulf of Maine and Bay of Fundy with special reference to production and dispersal, and is based on material obtained between July 28, 1931 and September 29, 1932, in the course of investigations carried on for the International Passamaquodddy Fisheries Commission. For a description of the area covered, location of stations, and methods, the reader is referred to a previous report (Fish, 1936a). Fundy; Gulf of Maine; zooplankton; invertebrates; fauna; distribution; life history; reproduction

Fish, C. J. (1955). "Observations on the biology of Microsetella norvegica." Papers in Marine Biology and Oceanography Supplement to Volume 3 (Deep Sea Research): 242.

Propagation in 1932 began in March in the outer area between Georges Bank and Cape Cod and gradually expanded as the season progressed until it reached a peak in the Gulf along a band seaward of the 100 meter curve from Casco Bay to the Bay of Fundy.

There is evidence of three and possibly four generations between March and September. As in other endemic pelagic species there was a progressive delay to the eastward in the time of spawning, but unlike most of these Microstella was found propagating successfullly at low summer temperatures averaging 11-13.5 degrees celcius, in the turbulent eastern (Frenchman's Bay) area. Gulf of Maine; zooplankton; invertebrates; fauna; distribution

Fish, C. J. and M. W. Johnson (1937). "The biology of the zooplankton population in the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine with special reference to production and distribution." Journal of Biological Board of Canada 3: 189.

Due to differences in the time of spawning in different parts of the region, two, and in some cases three, breeding stocks of boreal plankton animals can usually be distinguished. The distinct spawning periods are continued in subsequent generations that year no matter where distributed.

Productivity was found to be closely correlated with temperature and stability of the water mass, and dispersal with the nontidal circulation in the region. The vernal crop of boreal plankton species appears to be derived largely from adults maturing in the western or outer gulf. With the advance of the season the center of production moves to the eastern basin. The turbulent New Brunswick-eastern Maine coastal zone as far west as Mount Desert is relatively unproductive, and characterized by small zooplankton volumes. Fundy; Gulf of Maine; plankton; reproduction; distribution; inventory; temperature; flora

Fisheries Research Board of Canada (1959). Temperature and salinity observations taken in conjunction with current measurements in Passamaquoddy Bay and the Bay of Fundy, 1957 and 1958, Fisheries Research Board of Canada Manu. Rept. Ser. (oceanographic and limnological) (No. 57), Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Atlantic Oceanographic Group; Canadian Committee on Oceanography.

Fletcher, G. L., K. Haya, et al. (1985). "Annual antifreeze cycles in Newfoundland, New Brunswick and Long Island winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus." Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 21(3): 205.

Fletcher, J. S. (1960). Dennys River drainage fish management and restoration, Maine Atlantic Salmon Commission.

Forgeron, F. D. (1959). "Temperature and salinity in the Quoddy region." International Passamaquoddy Fisheries Board Report to International Joint Commission; Appendix 1, Oceanography; studies in physical oceanography for the Passamaquoddy Power Project. Ottawa, Ontario; Washington, D.C. 56.

Forrester, W. D. (1959). "Current measurements in Passamaquoddy Bay and the Bay of Fundy, 1957 and 1958." International Passamaquoddy Fisheries Board Report to International Joint Commission; Appendix 1, Oceanography; studies in physical oceanography for the Passamaquoddy Power Project. Ottawa, Ontario; Washington, D.C., International Joint Commission. 73.

The immediate concern of the Atlantic Oceanographic Group and the Canadian Hydrographic Service was to determine the tidal and non-tidal water movements in Passamaquoddy Bay and its approaches, and to measure the physical properties such as temperature, density, and chemical composition of the water at various depths and locations. From this information it is hoped to obtain better knowledge of such matters as general circulation and mixing of different water types in Passamaquoddy Bay. Marine biologists will then carry the study further by attempting to interpret the results in terms of transport of food, movements of fish, and any effects on the environment of the fish. All information gathered and conclusions drawn by the various agencies will later be embodied in a report by the International Passamaquoddy Fisheries Board to the International Joint Commission. Chapter 3. Passamaquoddy; Quoddy; Fundy; oceanography; hydrography; fisheries; herring; tidal power; circulation; currents

Forrester, W. D. (1960). "Current measurements in the Passamaquoddy Bay and the Bay of Fundy, 1957 and 1958." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 17(5): 727.

None of the current-measuring equipment was ideal for the conditions encountered. The Ekman current meter was used most extensively and was supplemented by the Chesapeake Bay Institute drag and the Gurley current meter. The Ekman propeller releasing and locking device did not function properly at the high velocities encountered. The Gurley meter registered unreliable velocities in rough seas, and the drag assumed exaggerated wire angles at high velocities. Only by using the three methods and balancing the flaws of one against the advantages of another were reasonably reliable results obtained.

Tides in the Bay of Fundy are characterized by a predominant semidiurnal component. For this reason, some stations were observed over only a 13-hour period, ignoring longer-period components, to enable more stations to be occupied. However, most of the stations were observed over a 25-hour period. Three key stations were occupied for 72 hours to strengthen the accuracy of the results.

In the mentioned interim report tidal stream and residual current information obtained at each anchor station was presented in both tabular form and in the form of synoptic charts showing the tidal stream at hourly intervals with reference to time of high water at Saint John, New Brunswick. Tidal stream velocities and directions were shown for three depths at each station. Velocities were adjusted proportionately to a range of tide of 21 feet at Saint John. Velocity and direction of the residual current at each of the three depths were shown. The report was essentially an analysis of data and no conclusions were drawn.

Results indicate that the tidal currents vary markedly throughout the region. Maximum recorded speeds were found in Letite Passage where mean maximum speeds reached 8 feet per second (4.8 knots). In Passamaquoddy Bay, speeds were mostly less than 1 foot per second. Near the mouth of Cobscook Bay mean maximum speeds were 5 feet per second. In the outside area, mean maximum speeds seldom exceeded 5 feet per second. Currents were usually maximum in the surface layer and decreased slowly with depth. Residual flows were mostly less than 2 miles (nautical) per day in Passamaquoddy Bay, Cobscook Bay and the approaches. In the Bay of Fundy, residual flows were variable and in some areas were as much as 10 miles per day. currents; Passamaquoddy; Quoddy; Cobscook; Fundy; oceanography; hydrography; circulation; tides; temperature

Foster, W. S. (1976). Cobscook Bay Aquaculture Potential, Maine Department of Marine Resources Research Bulletin (No. 36), Maine Department of Marine Resources.

Foulis, D. B. and R. W. Tiner (1994). Wetland trends for selected areas of the Cobscook Bay/St. Croix River estuary of the Gulf of Maine, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Hadley, MA. Ecological Services (No. R5-94/3).

Between the mid-1970's and the mid-1980's, the study area lost about 77 acres of vegetated wetlands, all of which were converted to nonvegetated wetlands or deepwater habitats. No changes were observed in estuarine wetlands during the study period. Pond construction added about 88 acres of palustrine nonvegetated wetlands; however, there were 20 acres of pond succession to vegetated wetland, reducing the net gain in ponds to 68 acres. Beaver converted over 58% of the palustrine vegetated wetlands that changed to nonvegetated wetlands, and were the cause of 54% of all changes recorded in the study area.

While this report documents recent trends in the study area's wetlands, it does not address changes in the quality of remaining wetlands. As development increases, the quality of wetlands can be expected to deteriorate due to agricultural runoff, increased sedimentation, groundwater withdrawals, increased water pollution, and other factors, unless adequate safeguards are taken to protect not only the existence of wetlands, but their quality.wetlands; Cobscook; Quoddy; St. Croix; estuarine; distribution; inventory; Passamaquoddy

Found, W. A., H. O'Malley, et al. (1934). Report of the international commission appointed to investigate the probable effects of the damming of Passamaquoddy and Cobscook Bays on the fisheries of that region, International Passamaquoddy Fisheries Commission, International Passamaquoddy Fisheries Commission.

Fowler, J. (1901). "A visit to St. Andrews, New Brunswick with a catalogue of plants collected in its vicinity." Proc. Nat. Hist. Ass's, Miramichi 1: 21.

Fowler, J. (1902). "Report on the flora of St. Andrews, New Brunswick." Contributions of Canadian Biology 1901: 41.

"On June 9, 1900, the writer arrived at the Biological Laboratory, at St. Andrews, and devoted his time till August 18, to the study of the flora in the neighbourhood, and to the collection of herbarium specimens. The special object of his visit was to collect and study the marine algae that might be found in that part of the Bay of Fundy. At the time of his arrival the retreating tide had left the rugged shore bare for a considerable distance, and the rocks, covered with a dense growth of rock-weed (Fucus) presented an attractive field for exploration. After spending a couple of days among the slippery rocks and mud, he discovered that very few species of algae could be secured, and only those of the most hardy species. The rugged character of the shores, formed by the waves and tides from the red sandstone in some localities, and from volcanic rock in others, renders it impossible to travel along the beach any considerable distance in search of specimens. The aid of a boat is indispensable to the collector who wishes to extend his researches beyond the immediate neighbourhood of the station; but unfortunately the writer was precluded from more extended investigations. Disappointed at the small number of species where the prospects seemed so bright, he endeavoured to discover the reasons of their paucity, and is of the opinion that the following facts explain the phenomenon:?

l. The great tides of the Bay of Fundy produce currents which sweep away all plants not firmly anchored to the rocks. The fucaceae, possessed of tough and flexible stems, and attached to the rocks by holdfasts that cannot be separated from them by any force tugging at the stems and branches, are naturally adapted to resist the action of waves and currents, while other more delicate species are swept away and carried out to sea or thrown up on the rocky shores.

2. At low water, a large extent of shore is left bare, and the algae attached to the rocks are exposed for several hours every day to the warm winds and drying power of the summer sun. All plants unable to endure this ordeal must give place to the hardier species. The delicate forms that inhabit the pools or marshy shores are consequently unknown.

3. The great rise and fall of the tides stir up the waters of the bay to a great depth and as no broad areas of sand are exposed to the sun's rays to absorb heat and impart it to the waters that cover them at the return of the tide, these waters are always cold, hence only algae capable of flourishing in the cold waters are adapted to these rugged shores.

The combination of these factors constitutes an environment which is fatal to all but the most hardy species of littoral algae. All delicate forms must betake themselves to retired creeks and sheltered inlets where many of them may doubtless be found; but they can only be reached by the collector who is fortunate enough to enjoy the advantage of appropriate transit by water.

Having failed, owing to the causes mentioned above, and the lack of necessary facilities for identifying species, to secure the number of marine plants anticipated, the collector immediately turned to the streets and fields of the town and its neighbourhood which promised a more abundant harvest." flora; Passamaquoddy; Quoddy; algae; seaweed; intertidal; inventory; tides; rocky

Frazer, C., J. R. Longcore, et al. (1990). "Habitat use by postfledging American black ducks in Maine and New Brunswick." Journal of Wildlife Management 54(3): 451.

Frazer, C., J. R. Longcore, et al. (1990). "Home range and movements of postfledging American black ducks in eastern Maine." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68(6): 1288.

Fritz, C. W. (1921). "Plankton diatoms, their distribution and bathymetric range in St. Andrews waters." Contributions of Canadian Biology 1918/20: 49.

If a bottle of water be drawn from the sea and examined with the naked eye nothing presents itself but the clear, sparkling liquid; but if this same sample be centrifuged for half an hour and the residue examined under the microscope, it will be found that many organisms of unparalleled beauty have been extracted. Chief among these are the diatoms, unicellular plants, exquisite in beauty of symmetry and design. The object of the investigations recorded in the following pages is to add some facts to the present knowledge of these interesting forms.

Collections of material were made throughout the year from October 1916 to October 1917 at various points in Passamaquoddy Bay and the adjoining waters of the the Bay of Fundy. Careful examination of these has revealed the presence of eighty-two species, representative of twenty-six genera. Material collected during the different months was found to vary greatly. Attention was, therefore, given to the seasonal distribution and relative abundance of the many forms. Ordinary tows were taken at the surface and at a depth of from five to six metres, but during the summer of 1917, a series of samples was drawn from certain stations at various definitely recorded depths, and the contents examined in order to ascertain the bathymetric range of species.

Eighty-two species were found, and figures are furnished of those which are rare, or, owing to their similarity, difficult to classify. The system of classification used is that introduced by W. L. Smith and followed by Van Heurck (1) and by the Challenger Report (3)-.

I desire to take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to Dr. A. Willey, under whose guidance the problem was commenced; to Dr. A. G. Huntsman, Director of the Biological station, and to his assistants, for their careful attention to the collection of material and to Professor C. M. Derick for assistance and suggestions, which she has kindly given. phytoplankton; diatoms; distribution; inventory; Passamaquoddy; Quoddy; Fundy; flora

Ganong, W. F. (1884). "On the zoology of the invertebrates of Passamaquoddy Bay." Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. New Brunswick 4: 87.

Have not seen this publication. invertebrates; Passamaquoddy; fauna; Quoddy; inventory

Ganong, W. F. (1887). "The marine mollusca of New Brunswick." Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. New Brunswick 6: 17.

Ganong, W. F. (1888). "The echinodermata of New Brunswick." Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. New Brunswick 7: 12.

Ganong, W. F. (1889). The economic Mollusca of New Brunswick. St. John, New Brunswick, Barnes and Company.

Ganong, W. F. (1890). "Southern invertebrates on the shores of Acadia." Trans. Royal Soc. Can. 8: 167.

Gardner, J. P. A. and M. L. H. Thomas (1987). "Growth, mortality and production of organic matter by a rocky intertidal population of Mytilus edulis in the Quoddy Region of the Bay of Fundy." Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 39(1): 31.

Gardner, J. P. A. and M. L. H. Thomas (1987). "Growth and production of a Littorina littorea (L.) population in the Bay of Fundy." Ophelia 27(3): 181.

Garrett, C. and R. Bishop (1977). "Physical Oceanography." Fundy Tidal Power and The Environment: Proceedings of a workshop on the Environmental Implications of Fundy Tidal Power held at Wolfville, Nova Scotia, November 4-5, 1976. Wolfville, Nova Scotia, The Acadia University Institute. 287.

For the purpose of considering the environmental changes due to Fundy tidal power, we divide the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine somewhat arbitrarily into inner and outer regions. The inner region consists of the area that would experience large changes in tidal elevation and currents. It comprises the headpond, together with a small region outside the barrage. The outer region consists of the rest of the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine, in which changes in tidal regime would be only a few percent or less. oceanography; hydrography; Fundy; tidal power; Gulf of Maine; currents; circulation

Garrett, C. R. (1977). "Tidal influences of the physical oceanography of the Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of Maine." Fundy Tidal Power and The Environment: Proceedings of a workshop on the Environmental Implications of Fundy Tidal Power held at Wolfville, Nova Scotia, November 4-5, 1976. Wolfville, Nova Scotia, The Acadia University Institute. 101.

It is now generally accepted that these large tides are due to the near-resonant response of a system comprising the Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of Maine out to the edge of the continental shelf (Garrett 1972, 1974; Greenberg, 1975). The distinct tidal response of this system is partly due to its separation from the main body of the Atlantic by a change of depth by a factor of 30 or so.

It is only recently that we have realized the need for inclusion of the Gulf of Maine in any assessment of the impact of Fundy tidal power. Whether we need to look further away still is debatable. Garrett & Greenberg (1976) predicted changes in North Atlantic tides of at most a few mm, but the possibility of greater changes on the continental shelves adjacent to the Gulf of Maine has not been completely excluded. It is also possible that potential changes in water quality in the Gulf of Maine, to be discussed in this paper, might be felt "downstream" on the continental shelf of the East coast of the U. S. A.

A number of major papers (Bigelow 1927; Watson 1936; Hachey 1952, 1961; Bailey 1957; Bumpus 1974, 1975) have been written on the hydrographic structure and current patterns of the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine. I shall refer to the findings of these and other authors only as required to illustrate my main theme: that the physical oceanography of the region is greatly influenced by tidal effects, and that changes in tidal current and elevation can be expected to lead to changes in other properties. Much of what I have to say is speculative, even as far as an understanding of the present regime is concerned, but where possible I hope to pinpoint some of the physical oceanographic phenomena that require further study if we are to predict, with sufficient accuracy, the results of developing tidal power. Fundy; Gulf of Maine; oceanography; hydrography; currents; tidal power; circulation

Gaskin, D. E. (1977). Harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena (L.) in the western approaches to the Bay of Fundy 1969-75, Report of International Whaling Committee (No. 27), International Whaling Committee.

Gaskin, D. E. (1983). "The marine mammal community." Marine and coastal systems of the Quoddy region, New Brunswick. Ottawa, Department of Fisheries and Oceans. 245.

The Bay of Fundy approaches are ecologically unique. The tidal range averages more than 7 m, and this causes extensive vertical mixing and hence cooler surface water temperatures during the summer months than in adjacent regions. Production is relatively high, and strong tidal currents and upwellings produce nutrient enrichment at certain locations which are, within broad limits, geographically constant in summer. Large local eddies also bring about concentrations of zooplankton between June and October (see Chapters 12 and 13), in amounts which attract numerous large baleen whales and keep them in the region for most of the summer and early fall. Considerable quantities of herring and mackerel enter the bay from late spring onwards, and these are prey for three or four species of small toothed cetaceans, the most abundant being the harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena. In former times, the harbour seal, Phoca vitulina was abundant in the region, but the population was reduced to a low level by bounty hunting. This bounty was imposed by the Federal Department of Fisheries because of the apparent involvement of the harbour seal in spreading the cod worm parasite. Despite reduction in harbour seal numbers to an insignificant level, the parasite continued to extend its range; the bounty was suspended for a time in the 1970's and harbour seals increased in numbers. By 1979, the bounty had been reimposed, largely in response to complaints by weir fishermen that seals were interfering with the netting of herring. The grey seal, Halichoerus grypus occurs in small numbers in the Grand Manan area, but is not a common species in the bay. While the grey seal is also a carrier of the adult form of cod worm, a bounty imposed in the Miramichi Estuary was designed to prevent numbers increasing to the point where the seal population might significantly interfere with the salmon fishery. Quoddy; marine mammals; inventory; distribution; cetacea; parasites; pinnipeds; porpoises; fauna; vertebrates; seals; nutrients

Gaskin, D. E. (1991). "An update on the status of the right whale, Eubalaena glacialis, in Canada." Can. Field Nat. 105(2): 198.

Gaskin, D. E., R. Frank, et al. (1983). "Polychlorinated biphenyls in harbor porpoises Phocoena phocoena (L.) from the Bay of Fundy, Canada and adjacent waters, with some information on chlordane and hexachlorobenzene levels." Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 12(2): 211.

Gaskin, D. E., R. E. Frank, et al. (1973). "Mercury, DDT, and PCB in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) from the Bay of Fundy region." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 30(3): 471.

Gaskin, D. E., M. Holdrinet, et al. (1971). "Organochlorine pesticide residue in harbour porpoises from the Bay of Fundy region." Nature 233(5320): 499.

Sixty harbour porpoises, Phocoena phocoena, were collected by D. E. G. in western North Atlantic waters in 1969-70. Blubber samples from thirty and liver samples from twelve animals were chilled to sea water temperature (about 10° C) and frozen to ?20° C as soon as field conditions permitted (2-7 h). A two column fractionation separated organochlorine insecticides from the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The first step consisted of a 'Florisil' column for the separation of fatty coextractives from organochlorine insecticides. Up to 10 ug PCBs or 1 ug of DDT, DDE, or DDD were handled by the column to give a 90 to 100% separation. For best separation, two elutions with quantities most favourable to each group of compounds were made. Eluates were concentrated almost to dryness and redissolved in hexane for gas chromatography. Qualitative residue confirmation was achieved principally with thin-layer chromatography. Percentage recoveries were checked periodically by fortification directly into the oil obtained from hexane extraction. Average recoveries were: p,p'-DDE, 98 %; o,p'-DDT, 91%; p, p '-DDT, 90 %; p,p'-DDD, 95%; dieldrin, 89%. Data in Table I are not corrected for percentage recovery. Further study of the PCB residues is in progress. Their occurrence was, however, quite high, ranging from one to three times the levels recorded for p,p'-DDE.

Average dieldrin, ÓDDT levels in pregnant and lactating females were much less (1.37 p.p.m. of dieldrin, 69.03 p.p.m. ÓDDT) than in immature and resting females' blubber (7.75 p.p.m. dieldrin, 214.27 p.p.m. ÓDDT). Three sucklings had high levels (range 75.1-186.7; mean 138.8 p.p.m. ÓDDT). Residues may move into the depot fat in the foetus, or to the neonate through milk, or both.

The average ÓDDT level in the blubber of males (306.74 p.p.m., excluding sucklings) seems to be the highest published for a wild population of any mammal. The small sample size precludes speculation on residue variation at this time with respect to age, season and distribution. These results are ominous enough to merit further immediate attention to the status of contaminants in the higher trophic levels of the Bay of Fundy food web. pesticides; pollution; Fundy; porpoises; Gulf of Maine; contaminants; food web; marine mammals; toxins; vertebrates; fauna; cetacea

Gaskin, D. E., M. Holdrinet, et al. (1982). "DDT residues in blubber of harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena (L.) from eastern Canadian waters during the five-year period 1969-1973." Mammals in the Seas. Volume 4. Small Cetaceans, Seals, Sirenians and Otters. Selected Papers of the Scientific Consultation on the Conservation and Management of Marine Mammals and their Environment, FAO. 135.

Gaskin, D. E. and K. Ishida (1972). "Mercury in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the Bay of Fundy region." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 29(11): 1644.

Gaskin, D. E., G. J. D. Smith, et al. (1979). Status of resident and transient sea birds in Head Harbour Passage and vicinity, New Brunswick, Canada, University of Guelph, Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Department of Zoology.

Gaskin, D. E., G. J. D. Smith, et al. (1975). "Preliminary study of movements of Harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in the Bay of Fundy, using radio telemetric methods." Canadian Journal of Zoology 53: 1466.

Gaskin, D. E., G. J. D. Smith, et al. (1979). Status of endangered species of Cetacea in the western Bay of Fundy and unique features of this region which commend its protection, University of Guelph, Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Department of Zoology.

Gaskin, D. E., K. I. Stonefield, et al. (1979). "Changes in mercury levels in harbor porpoises from the Bay of Fundy, Canada, and adjacent waters during 1969-1977." Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 8(6): 733.

Gaskin, D. G. and G. J. D. Smith (1979). Observations on marine mammals, birds, and environmental conditions in the Head Harbour region of the Bay of Fundy, Can. Fish. Mar. Serv. (No. 901).

The University of Guelph, Department of Zoology, has maintained a research presence on the southern New Brunswick coast since 1968-69. The cetacean research unit moved its summer base of operations to Lords Cove, Deer Island in 1970-71. Since that time the unit has collected cetacean sighting data, carried out species collections, and studied the environmental characteristics of the Quoddy region and adjacent areas.

In 1974 a pilot study was begun of the seabird and cetacean concentrations off Long Island and Brier Island, and on the Fundy coast of Nova Scotia in conjuction with the Canadian Wildlife Service. In 1976, with funding from the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, we started a comparative study of the interrelationships of upper tropic level animals and their prey species in three selected areas of the Bay of Fundy, one of which was the Inner Quoddy region.

In 1977, seabird species were inventoried in the Inner Quoddy region; coverage was limited to the area directly adjacent to Deer Island and Campobello Island because of manpower and time restrictions. Since then, more sporadic attention has been given to all species, but intensive studies of Bonaparte's gull and common and Arctic terns were made in 1978.

Title of overall report: Evaluation of recent data relative to potential oil spills in the Passamaquoddy area. D.J. Scarratt, editor. marine mammals; seabirds; cetacea; vertebrates; fauna; Quoddy; Fundy; food web; inventory; birds

Gates, O. (1989). "The geology and geophysics of the Passamaquoddy Bay area, Maine and New Brunswick, and their bearing on local subsidence." Neotectonics in Maine. Augusta, Maine Geological Survey Bulletin 40. 11.

In coastal Maine, postglacial rebound between about 13,000 and 9,000 yr BP was about 100 to 120 meters, ending with a stillstand at -65 meters. Since then the coast has submerged, rapidly at first but then slowing to a rate of 1.44 mm/yr by 5,000 yr BP. In Passamaquoddy Bay the differential downwarp of about 12 meters relative to the coast farther west, as shown by the reentrant of glaciomarine delta elevation contours, was largely completed by 5,000 yr BP. Limited archaeological and radiocarbon data suggest that from then to perhaps historical times subsidence was not much greater than that to the west along the Maine coast. Currently, subsidence appears to be faster than to the west, but the data from different sources give conflicting rates.

Most of the 12 meter differential subsidence of the Passamaquoddy Bay area was the response of a weak crust to the large stresses resulting from the large and rapid postglacial warping ending some time prior to 5,000 yr BP, augmented perhaps by isostatic disequilibriums due to the contrasting densities of neighboring rock bodies and to hydroisostatic loading of the crust beneath the Bay of Fundy as the sea rapidly deepened following the low stillstand. Now that rebound warping has ceased, crustal stresses derived from plate motion remain the only identified cause of the current downwarping and seismicity besides the unknown gravitational stresses. Passamaquoddy; geology; seismicity; subsidence; Quoddy; bedrock

Geraci, J. R. (1975). A mass stranding of Atlantic white-sided dolphins, Lagenorhynchus acutus, in Lingley Cove, Maine. University of Califonia at Santa Cruz Conf. Biol. Cons. Mar. Mammals, Santa Cruz, CA.

Have not seen this publication. dolphins; cetacea; vertebrates; fauna; marine mammals

Gilbert, J. R., V. R. Schurmen, et al. (1979). Grey seals in New England: present status and management alternatives, Final Report to U.S. Marine Mammal Commission (No. MMC-77-15), School of Forest Resources and Maine Agricultural and Life Sciences Experiment Station.

Gilbert, J. R. and J. L. Stein (1981). Harbor seal populations and marine-fisheries interactions, Annual Report to Northeast Fisheries Center NMFS (No. NA-80-FA-C-00029), Wildlife Resources, University of Maine Orono.

Gilbert, J. R. and K. M. Wynne (1983). Harbor seal populations and marine mammal-fisheries interactions, 1982, Second annual report to Northeast Fisheries Center NMFS (No. NA-80-FA-C-00029), Division of Wildlife, University of Maine.

Seasonal distribution and movement patterns of harbor seals were monitored through aerial surveys and volunteer ground surveys. In addition one subadult was radio tagged and 19 seal pups were tagged to monitor movements of individuals and assess population discreteness. Varying degrees of seasonal haul-out site affinity were observed; certain haul-outs were used year round while others showed seasonal peaks of use. Ledges used by pups or for whelping were identified and their physiographic characteristics noted.

Marine mammal interactions with several commercial fisheries were investigated. A surface gillnet fishery for mackerel in Cape Cod Bay was sampled in mid-winter. Loss of netted fish to harbor seals was estimated at 0.3% of the season's landings and was not considered, by the gillnetters interviewed, to be as great a problem as gull depredation. Marine mammal damage to gear was difficult to assess but is apparently low. Twenty-four entanglements of Atlantic white-sided dolphins, harbor porpoise, and harbor seals, resulting in 7 deaths, were reported. Seventeen groundfish gillnetters, representing 3 regions of coastal Maine, were interviewed.

Loss of netted fish to marine mammals was reported as insignificant although occasional gear damage was reported due to whale collisions. In total, an averaged annual take of 118 small cetaceans (predominately Phocoena phocoena) and 22 harbor seals was reported by the 17 groundfish gillnetters. The rate of marine mammal entanglement was reported to be greatest during summer months on midcoastal fishing grounds and is likely related to the abundance of marine mammal species in the area.

Marine mammal interactions with other sport and commercial fisheries are discussed. The economic impact of codworm infestation on Maine groundfish packing plants was assessed through phone interviews. Nine of 16 firms contacted candle all cod received and report that the increased value of candled fillets outweighed the additional processing costs. seals; marine mammals; fisheries; conservation; distribution; cetacea; economics; Gulf of Maine; pinnipeds; vertebrates; fauna; population

Gilbert, J. R. and K. M. Wynne (1984). Harbor seal populations and marine mammal-fisheries interactions, 1983, Third annual report to Northeast Fisheries Center NMFS (No. NA-80-FA-C-00029), University of Maine.

Seasonal movement patterns and shifts in distribution of harbor seals in mid-coastal Maine were suggested from repeated aerial surveys of the study area. Sheltered ledges in upper reaches of the study area appear traditionally important during the rearing of pups. A mid-summer shift in seal numbers from relatively protected, inshore to more exposed, offshore ledges was noted.

Pups were captured to enable the marking and identification of individuals and aid in the determination of harbor seal population discreteness. Results suggest pups are capable of long-distance offshore movements in the first few weeks after weaning. The January 1983 and 1984 observations in the Cape Cod, MA area of pups tagged in Maine the previous summers, support the hypothesis that Maine seals contribute to the migrant group that overwinters in southern New England.

A small-take exemption permit was drafted on behalf of the New England groundfish gillnetters to allow their legal reporting of marine mammal conflicts. In conjunction with this permit application, we requested and acquired a scientific collection permit to allow the collection of biological data from legally taken specimens. These were the first steps necessary to document the actual extent of marine mammal entanglement and assess the impact that net-related mortality has on harbor seal and harbor porpoise populations in New England.

Research needs for further addressing marine mammal fisheries interactions and possible mitigations are discussed. seals; marine mammals; population; distribution; fisheries; Gulf of Maine; porpoises; pinnipeds; fauna; vertebrates; conservation; cetacea; economics

Gilbert, J. R. and K. M. Wynne (1985). Harbor seal populations and fisheries interactions with marine mammals in New England, 1984, Fourth annual report to Northeast Fisheries Center NMFS (No. NA-80-FA-C-00029), University of Maine, Orono.

1) document the species and number of marine mammals incidentally taken in New England groundfish gillnets.

2) document the circumstances of entanglement and identify potential means of reducing or mitigating losses associated with entanglement.

3) identify population characteristcs of the marine mammals taken and assess the impact of this take on the populations involved.

4) assess the distribution and timing of the entanglements relative to the distributions of marine mammal populations and

5) investigate marine mammal conflicts with other fisheries to identify those qualifying for a small-take exemption. seals; marine mammals; fisheries; population; distribution; Gulf of Maine; pinnipeds; cetacea; vertebrates; fauna; conservation; economics

Gilbert, M. A. (1975). Distribution, reproduction, feeding and growth of Macoma balthica in New England, Doctoral Dissertation, University of Massachusetts.

Gilbert, M. A. (1977). "Astarte spp. Complex in Maine and its Relevance to the Critical Areas Program of the State Planning Office." 44.

Gilbert, M. A. (1977). The Discordant Mussel (Musculus discors) and the Little Black Mussel (Musculus niger) in Maine and Their Relevance to the Critical Areas Program, Maine Critical Areas Program Planning Report (No. 45), Critical Areas Program, Natural Resource Planning Division, Maine State Planning Office.

Gilbert, M. A. (1977). The Gaper Clam (Mya truncata) in Maine and its Relevance to the Critical Areas Program of the State Planning Office, Maine Critical Areas Program Planning Report (No. 29), Critical Areas Program, Natural Resource Planning Division, Maine State Planning Office.

Gilfillan, E. S. (1979). Statement of Dr. Edward S. Gilfillan on behalf of the Pittston Company before the Endangered Species Review Board, Endangered Species Review Board (U.S.); [Eastport, Maine Oil Refinery and Marine Terminal Proposal], Pittston Company; Endangered Species Review Board (U.S.); [Eastport, Maine Oil Refinery and Marine Terminal Proposal].

Gilgan, M. W., B. G. Burns, et al. (1990). "Distribution and magnitude of domoic acid contamination of shellfish in Atlantic Canada during 1988." Toxic Marine Phytoplankton. 469.

Gilpin, J. B. (1875). "On the smaller cetaceans inhabiting the Bay of Fundy and shores of Nova Scotia." Proc. New Scotia Inst. Nat. Sci. 4: 21.

Gilron, G. L. and D. H. Lynn (1989). "Assuming a 50% cell occupancy of the lorica overestimates tintinnine ciliate biomass." Marine Biology 103(3): 413.

Godin, G. (1969). "Theory of the exploitation of tidal energy and its application to the Bay of Fundy." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 26(11): 2887.

The rate of change of the energy contained in an oscillating mass of water in a basin on a rotating earth can be written out using the equations of hydrodynamics. The concept of power transfer arises immediately, which enables one to follow the transit of power from one part of the basin to another. This makes it possible to establish a balance of the power present in the basin.

Only the potential energy present in the tide can be profitably exploited, and it is obtained by enclosing part of the basin by a dam in which some turbines and pumps are imbedded, as well as some complementary sluices. The emptying and filling of the enclosed part of the basin through the turbines during the fall and rise of the sea leads to the production of energy. The upper bounds of the energy available in this way can be easily established and it can also be readily shown that the use of pumps increases the amount of energy available. The actual amount of energy drawn from the reservoir is limited by the smaller range of the tide inside the reservoir and the efficiencv of the turbines. The timing and duration of the various operations involved in the operation of a tidal plant, pumping, generating power, opening or closing the sluices, waiting for a head to develop, can be studied quantitatively.

For this purpose the type and number of fundamental operations are carefully studied and accurate definitions are given of them, permitting calculations on a number of possible sequences of operations up to 25 tidal periods. The number of possible sequences is very large and it is not possible to study all of these sequences individually.

Under some circumstances a given sequence of operations for the actual times of starting and stopping the turbines, starting and stopping the pumps, opening and closing the sluices, waiting for a head, and the changes of level inside the reservoir can be calculated with the help of the calculus of variations. For instance, these quantities yield to systematic calculation if the plant is operated with the purpose of producing the maximum amount of energy. The calculus of variations, however, cannot help directly when other modes of operation are considered, such as operating the plant in such a way as to supply power only during peak demand.

The response of the basin to the oscillating ocean will be altered after the construction of the reservoir needed for the operation of the tidal plant. This modification may be important when the plant draws considerable amounts of energy from the tide.

With the help of the concepts developed it becomes an easy task to make a balance sheet for the tidal power present in the Bay of Fundy, restricting ourselves to M2, the main lunar semidiurnal constituent that is representative of average conditions. Many sites in the Bay of Fundy are found to be suitable for the generation of energy; some involve relatively simple engineering and yield modest amounts of energy such as the Digby site; others, such as the Minas Channel site, could yield very considerable amounts of energy but the engineering difficulties associated with their construction might prove prohibitive. tidal power; Fundy; hydrography; economics; oceanography

Goodwin, H. A. (1942). The Atlantic salmon in the Dennys River, M.S., University of Maine at Orono.

No abstract available. salmon; fisheries; Cobscook; Dennys River; vertebrates; fauna; Quoddy; anadromous

Gorham, S. W. and J. S. Bleakney (1983). "Amphibians and reptiles." Marine and coastal systems of the Quoddy region, New Brunswick. Ottawa, Department of Fisheries and Oceans. 230.

Although this is basically a marine treatise the inclusion of the amphibians and reptiles of our marine coastal shoreline is justified if only to stress the gaps in our knowledge. There has never been, in the Bay of Fundy area, quantitative research on salinities in local coastal habitats nor examination of coastal amphibians and reptiles for marine prey species in their gut contents. Few persons are aware that barachois pools on both the open coast and in protected bays can have breeding choruses of anurans in early spring. The authors have observed Wood Frogs Rana sylvatica sylvatica, Leopard Frogs Rana pipiens pipiens, American Toads Bufo americanus, and the Northern Spring Peeper Hyla crucifer crucifer in such barachois habitats where cat-tails and cranberry were present, but where extreme spring tides flooded into that vegetational zone. These coastal habitats are essentially freshwater marshes in the spray zone or saline pools with a freshwater surface layer, although some supralittoral marine species occur there and may serve as food. Even on the exposed rocky shore we have seen toad tadpoles in the highest spray zone rock pools, where salinities (although not yet measured) were probably low due to rain or runoff.

Turtles have not been reported from barachois pools. The ubiquitous Eastern Garter Snake Thamnophis sirtalis certainly preys on coastal frogs and probably marine fish in tide pools. This snake is highly aquatic, so there is no reason not to suspect that it fishes in tide or marsh pools, as the closely related species T. elegans has been observed to do in British Columbia (F. Cook personal communication). Salamanders may be more sensitive to chemical changes in water bodies near the coast; nevertheless, the stream-loving habitat-specific Northern Dusky Salamander Desmognathus fuscus fuscus has been reported within 10 ft of the seashore. Recent research in the Appalachian Mountains has shown that salamanders are much more sensitive to acid-rain than frogs and may be completely eliminated from ponds and lakes where frogs are still maintaining populations. A monitoring of the effect of acid-rains and saline-rains along the coast of the Quoddy Region would be a worthy project. Another aspect worthy of study is related to hibernation and involves a significant difference at the ordinal level. Frog larvae hibernate and thus escape temperature extremes, oxygen depletion, and other winter stresses; salamander larvae are active in winter, even under ice, and are subject to winter kill in ponds due to oxygen depletion and perhaps, along the coast, from winter storms, tides, and spray.

In summary, we emphasize that coastal amphibians and reptiles in New Brunswick do occupy aquatic habitats at the shore, but ones that are basically freshwater, with non-marine flora. However, these habitats can be submerged during spring tides and storms and are undoubtedly subjected to saltspray. amphibians; reptiles; Fundy; vertebrates; fauna; inventory; salinity; rocky; habitats

Graham, M. (1936). "Investigations of the herring of Passamaquoddy and adjacent regions." Journal of Biological Board of Canada 2(2): 95.

Gran, H. H. and T. Braarud (1935). "A quantitative study of the phytoplankton in the Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of Maine (including observations on hydrography, chemistry and turbidity)." Journal of Biological Board of Canada 1: 279.

In the bay of Fundy, on account of the exceptionally high tidal range, the turbulence of the waters is so strong throughout the year that their nitrate and phosphate content nearly always was found to be high, even at the surface. The production of phytoplankton, therefore, can hardly be limited by the lack of nutrient salts. A relatively high turbidity of the waters and much cloudy weather make the productive zone shallow. Consequently the high degree of turbulence may even diminish the productivity of the waters by carrying the diatom cells down below the illuminated zone for a greater part of their life. A pronounced phytoplankton minimum in June probably is mainly a result of this effect of turbulence. Fundy; Gulf of Maine; phytoplankton; hydrography; oceanography; productivity; distribution; fauna; nutrients; flora

Gratto, G. W., M. L. H. Thomas, et al. (1984). "Some aspects of the foraging ecology of migrant juvenile sandpipers in the outer Bay of Fundy." Canadian Journal of Zoology 62: 1889.

Groom, W. (1978). Interim investigation of lobster stock, size and migration system of lobster population in the Grand Manan region, New Brunswick Department of Fisheries, New Brunswick Department of Fisheries.

Hachey, H. B. (1957). Oceanographic factors relative to the sardine fishery of the Bay of Fundy area, Fisheries Research Board of Canada Manu. Rept. of the Biol. Sta. (No. 625), Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

Hachey, H. B. and A. G. Huntsman (1929). Factors determining the hydrology of the Passamaquoddy region, Biological Board of Canada (No. 431), Biological Board of Canada.

Hachey, H. B. and H. J. McLellan (1948). "Trends and cycles in surface temperatures of the Canadian Atlantic." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 7(6): 355.

Hamel, J. F. and J. H. Himmelman (1992). "Sexual dimorphism in the sand dollar Echinarachnius parma." Marine Biology 113: 379.

Hardie, D. (1979). West Isles natural area of Canadian significance, Can. Fish. Mar. Serv. (No. 901).

Hare (1977). Atlas of the major Atlantic coast fish and invertebrate resources adjacent to the Canada-United States boundary areas, Fish. Mar. Serv. Res. Dev. Tech. Rep. (No. 681).

Hart, J. L. and D. L. Mckernan (1960). "International Passamaquoddy Fisheries Board investigations, 1956-1959; introductory account." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 17(2): 127.

Since the 1920s when Dexter Cooper first advocated a tidal power project, the possibility of harnessing the tides has been under general consideration or serious survey almost continually. In 1956, the governments of Canada and the United States of America referred the matter to the International Joint Commission, requesting examination "To determine the effects, beneficial or otherwise, which such a power project might have on the local and national economies in the United States and Canada, and, to this end, to study specifically the effects which the construction, maintenance, and operation of the tidal power structures might have upon the fisheries in the area". Passamaquoddy; tidal power; Fundy; Cobscook; fisheries; Quoddy

Hatfield, C., A. Logan, et al. (1992). "Ascidian depth zonation on sublittoral hard substrates off Deer Island, New Brunswick, Canada." Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 34(2): 197.

Havey, K. A. (1956). Pennamaquan River drainage fish management and restoration, Maine Department of Inland Fish and Game.

Havey, K. A. (1963). St. Croix River fish management and restoration, Maine Department of Inland Fish and Game.

Havey, K. A. (1964). Orange River fish management and restoration, Maine Department of Inland Fish and Game.

Havey, K. A. (1970). Maine Rivers: The St. Croix, Maine Department of Inland Fish and Game (No. B-241).

Hay, G. U. (1887). "Marine algae of the Maritime Provinces." Bull. New Brunswick National Historical Society 1: 62.

Hay, G. U. and A. H. MacKay (1886). "Marine algae of Bay of Fundy." Bull. New Brunswick National Historial Society 1: 32.

Hay, G. U. and A. H. MacKay (1888). "Marine algae of New Brunswick: with an appendix containing a list of the marine algae of the Maritime Provinces of the Dominion of Canada." Trans. Roy. Soc. Can. 5: 167.

Haya, K., J. L. Martin, et al. (1991). "Domoic acid in shellfish and plankton from the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick, Canada." J. Shellfish Res. 10(1): 113.

Haya, K., J. L. Martin, et al. (1989). Identification of paralytic shellfish toxins in mackerel from southwest Bay of Fundy, Canada. Toxic Dinoflagellates and Marine Mammal Mortalities: Expert Consultation, Woods Hole, MA (USA), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, MA (USA). Coastal Research Center.

Haya, K., J. L. Martin, et al. (1990). "Identification of paralytic shellfish toxins in mackerel from southwest Bay of Fundy, Canada." Toxic Marine Phytoplankton. 350.

Hayashi, T., Y. Shimizu, et al. (1982). "Toxin profile of herbivorous zooplankton during a Gonyaulax bloom in the Bay of Fundy." Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 48(11): 1673.

Hehre, E. J., J. R. Conway, et al. (1970). "Flora of the Wolf Islands. Part III: the marine algae." Rhodora 72: 115.

Heinig, C. S. (1994). 1994-95 Finfish aquaculture monitoring program. Task III. Annual fall water quality survey, Report to the Maine Department of Marine Resources.

Executive Summary:

In accordance with the FAMP, dissolved oxygen profiles were taken at three specific distances from the finflsh cage structures: 1) at 100 meters, or » 300 feet, upcurrent of the structure, 2) within 5 meters, or » 15 feet, downcurrent of the structure, and 3) 100 meters, or » 300 feet downcurrent of the structure. A Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. SBE 19 SEACAT water column profiler equipped with a pump, a Senso-Metrics Sp 91FFS pressure sensor (S/N 8M187), a temperature-conductivity sensor (S/N 254), a Beckman dissolved oxygen sensor (S/N 0-10-13), and an Innovative pH sensor was used for this survey.

As a general rule, dissolved oxygen concentrations in the vicinity of finfish culture operations in Maine are either at or slightly above saturation, even during early morning hours. Dissolved oxygen saturation depression can be observed immediately downcurrent of the cage systems (within 5 meters) and is usually in the order of 5% to 10% lower than the upcurrent saturation values. Two saturation levels below 80%, the Maine Department of Environmental Protection's standard for Class B marine waters, were recorded at the most intensively operated of the currently active sites, but both were only one percentage point below the standard at 79% of saturation.

Dissolved oxygen concentration recovery occurs rapidly only a short distance from the cage structures. In most cases, D.O. saturation 100 meters downcurrent of the cage structures is the same or only slightly below upcurrent values. Even in cases where significant D.O. saturation depression occurs adjacent to the cages, D.O. saturations 100 meters beyond the cages are only 3%-4% lower than upcurrent values.

Based on the results of this monitoring survey, finfish culture sites can be expected to meet or exceed the dissolved oxygen standards for Class B waters. This conclusion, however, should not be taken as a suggestion that finfish culture operations have little or no overall environmental affect, for as other parts of the Finfish Aquaculture Monitoring Program have shown, substantial impacts to the benthos can occur while having only limited affect on water column dissolved oxygen concentrations. aquaculture; fish; vertebrates; fauna; nutrients

Hicklin, P. W. (1987). "The migration of shorebirds in the Bay of Fundy." Wilson Bull. 99(4): 540.

Hicklin, P. W. and P. C. Smith (1984). Studies of birds in the Bay of Fundy: A review, Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (No. 1256).

Hinds, H. (1983). "The coastal forest of the Passamaquoddy Bay area." Marine and coastal systems of the Quoddy region, New Brunswick. Ottawa, Department of Fisheries and Oceans. 269.

The coastal forest in the Quoddy Bay area is a highly variable product of both maritime and terrestrial processes. It is here defined as the forest or dominant vegetation above the high-tide mark of all tides and extending inland to the point where marine influences and the biotic communities associated with these become negligible components in the ecosystem (Dickinson 1977). It is a transition zone between tidal and terrestrial characterized in its entirety by a great diversity of species, a reflection of less extreme ecological conditions and a variety of niches. The vegetation of the Quoddy Bay Region of southwestern New Brunswick is the result of many factors including glacial, climatic, geological, and human historical, and has been affected by fire, disease, drought, wind, salt spray, plant migration rates, and the availability of a seed source. Chance is also involved in the distribution of plants. terrestrial; Passamaquoddy; Quoddy; ecology; distribution; flora

Hogans, W. E. (1986). "Occurrence of Pennella filosa (Copepoda: Pennellidae) on the minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, from the Bay of Fundy." Can. Field Nat. 100(3): 373.

Hogans, W. E. and D. J. Trudeau (1989). "Caligus elongatus (Copepoda: Caligoida) from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) cultured in marine waters of the Lower Bay of Fundy." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67(4): 1080.

Hogans, W. E. and D. J. Trudeau (1989). Preliminary studies on the biology of sea lice, Caligus elongatus, Caligus curtus and Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligoida) parasitic on cage-cultured salmonids in the lower Bay of Fundy, Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (No. 1715), Department of Fisheries and Oceans, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, (Canada). Biological Stn.

Hollingshead, K. W. (1973). Certain aspects in the life history of Meganyctiphanes norvergica (M. Sars) in Passamaquoddy Bay, M.S. Thesis, University of Guelph.

Hollingshead, K. W. and S. Corey (1974). "Aspects of the life history of Meganyctiphanes norvergica (M. Sars) in Passamaquoddy Bay, Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology52: 495.

Hunstman, A. G. (1938). "International Passamaquoddy fishery investigations." ICES J. du Conseil 13: 357.

Huntsman, A. G. (1921). "The fishes of the Bay of Fundy." Contributions of Canadian Biology 1921: 51.

Huntsman, A. G. (1934). "Herring and water movements." University of Liverpool, Lancashire Sea-Fisheries Laboratory James Johnstone Memorial Volume: 81.

Huntsman, A. G. (1953). "Movements and decline of large Quoddy herring." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 10(1): 1.

The normal seasonal shifting of these fish is between the outer side of Grand Manan Island in summer and near the mainland in winter. In midsummer of 1871, their numbers at Grand Manan began to diminish and for four years remained very low. They were as abundant as ever in winter near the mainland, but farther from shore and more numerous eastward. They appeared inside the Reversing Falls of the Saint John River, whose outflow goes to Grand Manan, in all four years of their scarcity at Grand Manan. Large herring appeared in unexplained numbers at Quaco, east of Saint John, from 1878 to 1881 and then declined. A movement across the Bay to Nova Scotia became evident by a marked rise in Annapolis County in 1881, and, farther in, in Kings County in 1882, in each case lasting for four years and not going beyond the mouth of Minas Channel. These fish seemed to make the circuit of the Bay, affecting catches at its head and on to the New Brunswick side, with return to the Saint John outflow by 1884. Farther out, other lots reached the Nova Scotian coast from Digby to Cape Sable in 1881, remained high for four years and then declined. By 1891, catches everywhere were down to a very low level, indicating exhaustion of the stock. herring; fisheries; Quoddy; Passamaquoddy; ecology; distribution; conservation; population; vertebrates; fauna

Huntsman, A. G. (1953). Rheotaxis in capture of herring, Fisheries Research Board of Canada Manu. Rept. Biol. Sta. (No. 504), Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

Hurley, P. C. F., S. Corey, et al. (1983). "Distributional patterns of chaetognaths in the Bay of Fundy." Canadian Journal of Zoology 61(10): 2257.

Iles, T. D. (1979). The ecology of the herring fisheries of the Bay of Fundy, Can. Fish. Mar. Serv. (No. 901).

The changes fall into three categories. Changes in the management regime, in the industrial regime, and in our understanding of the biology of the herring stocks of the area. Title of overall report: Evaluation of recent data relative to potential oil spills in the Passamaquoddy area. D.J. Scarratt, editor. herring; fisheries; vertebrates; fauna; Fundy; ecology; oil refinery; oil spills; life history; industry

Iles, T. D. and M. Sinclair (1982). "Atlantic herring: stock discreteness and abundance." Science 215(4533): 627.

International Passamaquoddy Fisheries Board (1950). Report to International Joint Commission on scope and cost of an investigation of Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Project, Washington, D.C.

International Passamaquoddy Fisheries Board (1960). Passamaquoddy fisheries investigations, 1957-1958: report to the International Joint Commission, Special Scientific Report - Fisheries (No. 360), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Jacobson, G. L., Jr. and H. A. Jacobson (1989). "An inventory of distribution and variation in salt marshes from different settings along the Maine coast." Neotectonics in Maine, Maine Geological Survey Bulletin 40. 69.

Jacobson, H. A. and G. L. Jacobson Jr. (1989). "Variability of vegetation in tidal marshes of Maine, U.S.A." Canadian Journal of Botany 67(2): 230.

Jacobson, H. A., G. L. Jacobson Jr., et al. (1987). "Distribution and abundance of tidal marshes along the coast of Maine." Estuaries 10(2): 126.

Jamieson, G. S. and R. A. Chandler (1983). "Paralytic shellfish poison in sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus) in the West Atlantic." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences40(3): 313.

Johnson, W. H. (1933). Changes in the vertical distribution of the common free-swimming copepods of Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick, Fish. Research Board of Canada Manu. Rept. Biol. Sta. (No. 137), Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

Johnson, W. H. (1942). "Effect of light on copepods as food for Passamaquoddy herring." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 5: 365.

Johnson, W. L. (1935). The food and feeding of the herring (Clupea harengus L.), Fish. Research Board of Canada Manu. Rept. Ser. Biol. Sta. (No. 195), Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

Jovellanos, C. L. and D. E. Gaskin (1983). "Predicting the movements of juvenile Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus) in the SW Bay of Fundy using computer simulation techniques." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences40 (2): 139.

Jury, S. H., J. D. Field, et al. (1994). Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in North Atlantic estuaries, NOAA/NOS Strategic Environmental Assessments Division, ELMR (No. 13).

Keats, D. W. (1991). "Refugial Laminaria abundance and reduction in urchin grazing in communities in the north-west Atlantic." J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 71(4): 867.

Kehoe, F. P. (1987). The effect of double-crested cormorant predation on the Salmon Genetics Research Program (SGRP), Salmon Genetics Research Program Tech. Rep. (No. 66), Department of Natural Resources and Energy, P.O. Box 6000, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5H1, Canada.

Kelley, J. T., D. F. Belknap, et al. (1989). "An investigation of neotectonic activity in coastal Maine by seismic reflection methods." Neotectonics in Maine. Augusta, Maine Geological Survey Bulletin 40. 157.

The possible recent fault was observed in Oak Bay, along the Canadian border. In this area of frequent seismic energy release tidal range is also extreme. The feature indicated as a possible fault may, thus, be a manifestation of current reworking of Quaternary sediment. It is significant that this area was the least well known from previous work and interpretation of subbottom reflectors was often ambiguous. seismicity; geology; Gulf of Maine; Cobscook; Quoddy; tides

Kerswill, C. J. (1960). "Effects of proposed Passamaquoddy power project on anadromous fishes in Canadian waters." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 17(5): 713.

Construction of tidal power dams should overcome the present lack of typical estuarine conditions in the Passamaquoddy area and favour production of anadromous species. An improved sport fishery for sea-run trout could develop. Realization of the potential production of Atlantic salmon, alewives and shad, but possibly not sea-run trout, would depend on satisfactory access from the Bay of Fundy to the impounded areas. tidal power; Passamaquoddy; Fundy; Quoddy; fisheries; ecology; anadromous; recreation; economics; vertebrates; fauna; tourism

Ketchum, B. H. and D. J. Keen (1953). "The exchanges of fresh and salt waters in the Bay of Fundy and in Passamaquoddy Bay." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada10(3): 97.

Kindrasky, G. A. and M. Debellefeuille (1967). Bacteriological survey, Northwest Passamaquoddy, New Brunswick, 41 (Chamcook), 1966, Canada. Department of National Health and Welfare. Division of Public Health Engineering. Manuscript report. (No. 67-9), Canada. Department of National Health and Welfare. Division of Public Health Engineering.

King, H. M., Ed. (1931). On the occurence of silica in the waters of the Passamaquoddy Bay region. Contributions to Canadian Biology and Fisheries New Series. Hydrographic Series D 4.

Klugh, A. B. (1917). "The marine algae of the Passamaquoddy region, New Brunswick." Contributions of Canadian Biology 1915/17: 79.

The Algal flora of this region is distinctly boreal in character, as is shown by the luxuriant growth of Fuci and Laminariae, and by the occurrence in comparatively shallow water of Dictyosiphon hippuroides, Halosaccion ramentaceum, Saccorhiza dermatodea, Agarum turneri and Monostroma fuscum blyttii.

There is a considerable difference in the Algal flora of what we may term "inside" and "outside" points. By "inside" we mean on the mainland side of Passamaquoddy bay, by "outside" the shores of the islands (Deer, Pendleton's and Macmaster's) which form the outer boundary of the bay, and all points beyond these islands. These differences in the Algal flora may be pretty definitely traced to differences in the salinity of the water "outside" and "inside." Inside the water has a specific gravity at the surface of from 1.0226 to 1.0235, and a percentage of total salts of from 2.99 to 3.202, while outside waters have a specific gravity of from 1.0235 to 1.0242, and a total salt content of from 3.201 to 3.280 per cent. For these figures I am indebted to the work of Mr. G. G. Copeland in 1909, published in the report of the Biological Stations of Canada "Contributions to Canadian Biology, 1906-1910."

The only paper dealing with the algae of this region of which I have any knowledge is Professor D. C. Eaton's "List of Marine Algae collected near Eastport, Maine, in August and September, 1873, in connection with the work of the United States Fish Commission," and, where his records are for Canadian stations and for species which I have not collected, I quote them here.

In many countries the marine algae are of great economic importance, as food, as the source of food products such as isinglass, in the production of a "size" for textile fabrics, in the clarifying of beer and wines, as the source of iodine and potassium, in the manufacture of a very strong adhesive known as seaweed glue, in the production of a demulcent for use in relieving coughs, and as a fertilizer. Except that some are put to the last-mentioned use along the coast, and small quantities of dulse (Rhodymenia palmata) are gathered and dried for eating, the marine algae are made no use of in Canada, and therefore represent one of our undeveloped resources. algae; Passamaquoddy; Quoddy; Fundy; flora; distribution; economics; seaweed; inventory

Klugh, A. B. (1924). "Factors controlling the biota of tide pools." Ecology 5: 192.

Have not seen this publication. fauna; flora; intertidal; ecology; tide pools; rocky

Knowlton, A. R., J. Sigurjosson, et al. (1992). "Long-distance movements of North Atlantic Right Whales (Eubalaena glacialis)." Mar. Mam. Sci. 8(4): 397.

Kohler, A. C. (1965). Cod growth experiments, 1962-63, Fish. Research Board of Canada Manu. Rept. Ser. (biological). (No. 844), Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

Kohler, A. C. (1979). Annual groundfish landings and values data for Charlotte County and Bay of Fundy ports for 1968-78, Can. Fish. Mar. Serv. (No. 901).

In response to a report on the August 29-30, 1979 "Canada-U.S.A. Fisheries meeting on Eastport," the attached Table 1 and Notes have been prepared to satisfy the request for updating the groundfish landings and values data presented on p. 114-118 of Tech. Rep. 428.

The information for this report was derived from commercial fishery statistics obtained from "Maritime Fisheries Statistics," formerly called "Dominion Bureau of Statistics" from their IBM Monthly Summary of Landings and Landed Values Accumulative December Figures. Title of overall report: Evaluation of recent data relative to potential oil spills in the Passamaquoddy area. D.J. Scarratt, editor. economics; fisheries; Fundy; vertebrates; fauna

Kornfield, I., J. Bailey, et al. (1995). Report of the salmon genetics committee, Governor's Maine Atlantic Salmon Task Force.

We conclude that formal listing of salmon in these rivers is not justified on the basis of the scientific information presented in the Proposed Rule. For our evaluation, we used a metapopulation perspective whereby definition of Maine Atlantic salmon is dependent upon the magnitude of temporal presistence of individual populations and exchanges of fish among them. Consideration of all available data and population genetic and demographic theory suggest that the proposed listing is not based on objective evidence, but rather on a general "conservative scientific philosophy." By extension, this conslusion implies that additional rivers in the State, and, specifically, the four rivers of concern, should also not be listed. The principal observations supporting this position are: (1) the magnitude of past stocking of Maine rivers with Atlantic salmon of sythetic origin facilitated introgression and eliminated local variability, and (2) current "natural" or "wild" reproduction is likely that of offspring from hatchery alterations, the Proposed Rule seeks to list organisms that no longer represent an evolutionary significant component of this species. Gulf of Maine; Dennys River; Cobscook; Quoddy; salmon; fish; vertebrates; fauna; conservation; genetics; anadomous

Kraus, S. D. (1990). "Rates and potential causes of mortality in North Atlantic Right whales (Eubalaena glacialis)." Mar. Mam. Sci. 6(4): 278.

Kraus, S. D., J. H. Prescott, et al. (1982). Preliminary notes on the occurrence of the North Atlantic right whale, Eubalaena glacialis in the Bay of Fundy, Report from the International Whaling Committee (No. 32:407-411), International Whaling Committee.

Kriwoken, L. K. (1985). Marine conservation strategies: The Bay of Fundy, Gulf of Maine, Georges Bank Region, Masters of Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University.

Ku, L. F., D. A. Greenberg, et al. (1985). "Nodal modulation of the lunar semidiurnal tide in the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine." Science 230(4721): 69.

Kulka, D. W. and S. Corey (1978). "The life history of Thysanoessa inermis (Kroyer) in the Bay of Fundy." Canadian Journal of Zoology 56(3): 492.

Kulka, D. W. and S. Corey (1982). "Length and weight relationships of euphausiids and caloric values of Meganyctiphanes norvegica (M. Sars) in the Bay of Fundy." J. Crust. Biol. 2: 239.

Kulka, D. W., S. Corey, et al. (1982). "Community structure and biomass of euphausiids in the Bay of Fundy." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 39: 326.

Lacalli, T. C. (1980). A guide to the marine flora and fauna of the Bay of Fundy: polychaete larvae from Passamaquoddy Bay, Can. Tech. Rept Fish. and Aquat. Sci. (No. 940), Department of Fisheries and Oceans.

Lacalli, T. C. (1981). "Annual spawning cycles and planktonic larvae of benthic invertebrates from Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick." Canadian Journal of Zoology 59(3): 433.

Laird, M. and W. L. Bulluck (1969). "Marine fish haematozoa from New Brunswick and New England." Journal of Fisheries Board of Canada 26(4): 1075.

Trypanosoma rajae Laveran and Mesnil and Cryptobia bullocki Strout are new records for Canada, Haemogregarina delagei Laveran and Mesnil has not previously been reported from the western side of the Atlantic, and the present finding of an undesignated species of Haemohormidium Henry (a babesioid genus with which Babesiosoma Jakowska and Nigrelli is now synonymized) is the first from North American marine fish. New hosts and localities are listed for Hoemogregarina bigemina Laveran and Mesnil, H. platessae Lebailly, H. aeglefini Henry, H. myoxocephali Fantham et al., and certain unidentified haemogregarines. Haemogregarina urophysis Fantham et al. is relegated to synonymy with H. aeglefini; and H. gadi pollachii Henry and H. pollachii Henry are discarded as nomina nuda. Myxosporidians of the genus Kudoa are reported (presumably as contaminants derived from slit muscle) in blood films from six hosts.

Haemogregarina mavori n.sp., from Passamaquoddy Bay Macrozoarces americanus, averages 6.4 X 2.9 U. Broadly oval to reniform and with a large, subterminal nucleus, it is found in erythrocytes that are shorter and broader than normal and exhibit marked nuclear displacement. Piscine erythrocytic necrosis (PEN) is a degenerative infection responsible for massive red blood cell destruction in Gadus morhua (Passamaquoddy Bay) and also found in Liparis atlanticus (Kent Island, New Brunswick) and Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus (Portsmouth Harbor, New Hampshire). A distinctive inclusion body formed in the cytoplasm of infected red cells recalls similar bodies associated with Pirhemocyton Chatton and Blanc and Toddia Franca. Erythrocyte nuclei disintegrate with the liberation of viruslike particles formed in vesicles within them. Gulf of Maine; parasites; fish; Passamaquoddy; Quoddy; vertebrates; fauna

Lakshminarayana, J. S. S. (1983). "Phytoplankton of the Quoddy region." Marine and coastal systems of the Quoddy region, New Brunswick. Ottawa, Department of Fisheries and Oceans. 176.

Phytoplankton forms an important component in the production of waters. This chapter describes the phytoplankton of Passamaquoddy Bay and neighboring waters, and the methods most commonly used for phytoplankton collection, examination, counting, and biomass and primary productivity determinations in coastal and marine waters. The methods, taken from the literature (some with slight modifications), will allow students and other interested persons to undertake phytoplankton research in the field. phytoplankton; productivity; Passamaquoddy; Quoddy; diatoms; dinoflaggelates; flora

Larsen, P. F. (1979). "Statement of Peter F. Larsen before Spencer Nissen, Administrative Law Judge in the matter of Pittston Company/NPDE Permit application No. ME DO22420." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

Larsen, P. F. and L. F. Doggett (1974). Species lists from subtidal and intertidal sites in Eastport, Unpublished file.

Larsen, P. F. and L. F. Doggett (1979). The salinity and temperature distributions of selected Maine estuaries, Maine State Planning Office. Also Bigelow Laboratory Tech. Rept. 2-76.

Larsen, P. F. and L. F. Doggett (1991). "The macroinvertebrate fauna associated with the mud flats of the Gulf of Maine." J. Coast. Res. 7(no. 2): 365.

Larsen, P. F., L. F. Doggett, et al. (1979). Intertidal Invertebrates of the Maine Coast: Data Report, Maine State Planning Office (No. Bigelow Laboratory Tech. Rept. 12-77).

Larsen, P. F., L. F. Doggett, et al. (1980). "The Estuarine System." An Ecological Characterization of Coastal Maine. Newton Corner, MA, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Lawton, P. and D. A. Robichaud (1989). "Use of shallow water inshore habitats off Grand Manan, Bay of Fundy, Canada, by mature American lobsters, Homarus americanus." J. Shellfish Res. 8(2): 485.

Lawton, P. and D. A. Robichaud (1991). "Shallow water spawning and molting areas of American lobsters, Homarus americanus, off Grand Manan, Bay of Fundy, Canada." J. Shellfish Res. 10(1): 286.

Leahy, R. F. (1992). "The northern basket starfish of the Bay of Fundy." Underwat. Nat. 20(4): 10.

Lee, F. T. and S. F. Diehl (1989). "Geomechanical aspects of subsidence in eastern Maine." Neotectonics in Maine. Augusta, Maine Geological Survey Bulletin 40. 209.

Maximum seismicity in Maine occurs in the subsiding zone which also includes the maximum (positive) gravity anomaly in the State. Epicenters are diffusery aligned with the Oak Bay fault which strikes N 20° W. Deflection of isobase lines drawn on ice-marginal deltas forms a trough whose axis strikes approximately parallel to the Oak Bay fault. An acceptable contemporary crustal deformation model should incorporate zones of contrasting rock density and intensity of fracturing, localized seismicity, east-west tectonic compression, and weak compression or extension in the north-south direction. geology; seismicity; subsidence; Gulf of Maine; sea-level change

Legare, J. E. (1961). The zooplankton of the Passamaquoddy region, Fisheries Research Board of Canada Manu. Rept. Ser. (biological). (No. 707), Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

Legare, J. E. H. and D. C. Maclellan (1960). "A qualitative and quantitative study of the plankton of the Quoddy region in 1957 and 1958 with special reference to the food of the herring." Journal of Fisheries Board of Canada 17(3): 409.

There was evidence that herring were feeding in the upper water layers. A period of low feeding activity from March to August was followed by a period of active feeding from September to November. There was a positive correlation between feeding activity and fat content of herring but no relationship between quantities of zooplankton and feeding activity could be established. Nor was it possible to demonstrate any relationship between zooplankton volumes and catches of herring over a period of 10 years.

Higher zooplankton volumes are foreseen for Passamaquoddy Bay after the dams are built. Volumes in Cobscook Bay are expected to reach values similar to those of Passamaquoddy Bay while those outside should remain unchanged. Passamaquoddy; Cobscook; Quoddy; zooplankton; distribution; herring; fisheries; vertebrates; invertebrates; fauna; feeding; food web

Leim, A., H, and W. B. Scott (1966). Fishes of the Atlantic coast of Canada, Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. (No. 155), Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

Leim, A. H. (1958). "Fatness of small herring in the Bay of Fundy." Journal of Fisheries Board of Canada 15(6): 1259.

Leim, A. H. and L. R. Day (1959). "Records of uncommon and unusual fishes from Eastern Canadian waters, 1950-1958." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 16(4): 503.

Leslie, H. A., A. Campbell, et al. (1980). "Nectonema (Nematomorphia: Nectonematoidea) a parasite of decapod Crustacea in the Bay of Fundy." Canadian Journal of Zoology59: 1193.

Lim, S. (1991). "Environmental impact of salmon farming on the benthic community in the Bay of Fundy." Bull. Aquacul. Assoc. Can. 91(3): 126.

Linkletter, L. (1976). A checklist of the flora and fauna of Passamaquoddy Bay and Grand Manan, ID Centre, Biological Station, St. Andrews.

Linkletter, L. E., E. I. Lord, et al. (1977). A checklist and catalogue of the marine fauna and flora of the Lower Bay of Fundy shore of New Brunswick, Huntsman Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, St. Andrews, New Brunswick: Huntsman Marine Laboratory.

Lobban, C. S. (1984). "Marine tube-dwelling diatoms of eastern Canada: Descriptions, checklist, and illustrated key." Canadian Journal of Botany 62(4): 778.

Locke, A. and S. Corey (1985). "Terrestrial and freshwater invertebrates in the neuston of the Bay of Fundy, Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64: 1535.

Locke, A. and S. Corey (1988). "Taxonomic composition and distribution of Euphausiacea and Decapoda (Crustacea) in the neuston of the Bay of Fundy, Canada." J. Plank. Res. 10(2): 185.

Locke, A. and S. Corey (1989). "Amphipods, isopods and surface currents: A case for passive dispersal in the Bay of Fundy, Canada." J. Plankton Res. 11(3): 419.

Logan, A. (1988). "A sublittoral hard substrate epibenthic community below 30 m in Head Harbour Passage, New Brunswick, Canada." Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 27(4): 445.

Logan, A., A. A. MacKay, et al. (1983). "Sublittoral hard substrates." Marine and coastal systems of the Quoddy region, New Brunswick. Ottawa, Department of Fisheries and Oceans. 119.

Logan, A. and J. P. A. Noble (1971). "A recent shallow-water brachiopod community from the Bay of Fundy." Marit. Sediments 7: 85.

Logan, A., F. H. Page, et al. (1984). "Depth zonation of epibenthos on sublittoral hard substrates off Deer Island, Bay of Fundy, Canada." Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 18(5): 571.

Loring, D. H. (1982). "Geochemical factors controlling the accumulation and dispersal of heavy metals in the Bay of Fundy sediments." Can. J. Earth Sci. 19(5): 930.

Loucks, R. H. and D. V. Ingraham (1974). Summary of physical, biological, socio-economic and other factors relevant to potential oil spills in the Passamaquoddy Region of the Bay of Fundy. Section 9. The influence of environmental conditions on the operation of oil terminals, Fisheries Research Board of Canada Tech. Rept. (No. 428-9), Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

Loucks, R. H., D. J. Lawrence, et al. (1974). Summary of physical, biological, socio-economic and other factors relevant to potential oil spills in the Passamaquoddy Region of the Bay of Fundy. Section 2. Dispersion of spilled oil, Fisheries Research Board of Canada Tech. Rept. (No. 428-2), Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

Loucks, R. H., R. W. Trites, et al. (1974). Summary of physical, biological, socio-economic and other factors relevant to potential oil spills in the Passamaquoddy Region of the Bay of Fundy. Section 1. Physical oceanographic characteristics, Fisheries Research Board of Canada Tech. Rept. (No. 428-1), Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

Lubec Comprehensive Planning Committee (1979). Lubec Comprehensive Plan, Local Project Report, Maine State Planning Office, Natural Resource Planning Division, Coastal Program.

M'Gonigle, R. H. and M. W. Smith (1936). "Three rare fishes from Passamaquoddy Bay." Pro. Nova Scotian Inst. Sci. 19: 160.

MacClement, W. T. (1917). Lobster mating experiments in Long Beach pond, summer of 1917, Biological Board of Canada. Manuscript Reports of the Biological Stations. (No. 65), Biological Board of Canada.

MacCoubrey, H. W. and T. Moffat (1974). Birds of St. Andrews, Checklist Folder. Sunbury Shores Art and Nature Centre, St. Andrews, New Brunswick.

Macdonald, D. L. (1912). "On a collection of crustacea made at St. Andrews, New Brunswick." Contributions of Canadian Biology 1906/10: 83.

On Dr. McBride's suggestion I went to St. Andrew's station, intending to do some work on the early development of the egg of the herring, and allied food fishes, found in that locality. As the season wore on I found it would be impossible for me to do any work on this problem, owing to the lateness of the spawning this year. At time of writing (August 29) even, very few, if any 'ripe' herring have been observed by the fishermen among those captured in their weirs. Accordingly Dr. Stafford, the curator of the station, suggested that I should do some systematic work on the crustacea, and the following are the forms obtained during the few weeks devoted to the work by me.

Material was obtained by collecting at low tide and by dredging in the waters from Dochet Island to Grand Manan. crustaceans; Passamaquoddy; Quoddy; inventory; fauna; invertebrates

MacDonald, J. S., M. J. Dadswell, et al. (1984). "Fishes, fish assemblages, and their seasonal movements in the lower Bay of Fundy and Passamaquoddy Bay, Canada." Fish. Bull. 82: 121.

MacDonald, J. S. and R. H. Green (1983). "Redundancy of variables used to describe importance of prey species in fish diets." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 40(5): 635.

MacDonald, J. S. and R. H. Green (1986). "Food resource utilization by five species of benthic feeding fish in Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43(8): 1534.

MacDonald, J. S. and K. G. Waiwood (1982). "Rates of digestion of different prey in Atlantic cod, (Gadus morhua), ocean pout (Macrozoarces americanus), winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus), and american plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 39(5): 651.

MacFarlane, C. (1952). "A survey of certain seaweeds of commercial importance." Canadian Journal of Botany 30: 78.

Macgregor, D. C. and H. J. McLellan (1952). "Current measurements in the Grand Manan Channel." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 9(5): 213.

MacKay, A., R. Bosien, et al. (1978). Bay of Fundy Resource Inventory. Volume 1. St. Croix River-Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick Department of Fisheries (No. NB77-1A), Marine Research Associates, Limited.

MacKay, A., R. Bosien, et al. (1978). Bay of Fundy Resource Inventory. Volume 2. Back Bay-Letang Inlet, New Brunswick Department of Fisheries (No. NB77-B), Marine Research Associates, Limited.

MacKay, A., R. Bosien, et al. (1978). Bay of Fundy Resource Inventory. Volume 3. Deer Island-Campobello Island, New Brunswick Department of Fisheries (No. NB77-1C), Marine Research Associates, Limited.

MacKay, A. A. (1976). A comparative resource analysis of the Deer Island and Grand Manan Archipelagos, Bay of Fundy, Marine Research Associates Limited for Parks Canada.

MacKay, A. A. (1976). The sea urchin roe industry on New Brunswick's Bay of Fundy coast, Marine Research Associates, Marine Research Associates.

MacKay, A. A. and R. K. Bosien (1979). Bay of Fundy Resource Inventory. Volume 5. The Wolves Islands, New Brunswick Department of Fisheries (No. NB78-1B), Marine Research Associates, Limited.

MacKay, A. A., R. K. Bosien, et al. (1979). Bay of Fundy Resource Inventory. Volume 4. The Grand Manan Archipelego, New Brunswick Department of Fisheries (No. NB78-1A), Marine Research Associates, Limited.

MacKay, A. A., R. K. Bosien, et al. (1979). Bay of Fundy Resource Inventory. Volume 6. Pea Point to Point Lepreau, New Brunswick Department of Fisheries (No. NB78-1C), Marine Research Associates, Limited.

Maine Atlantic Salmon Task Force (1996). Maine Atlantic salmon conservation plan: Draft executive summary.

Maine Department of Marine Resources (1994). Salmon aquaculture monitoring and research fund: Report to the Joint Standing Committee on Marine Resources as required by 12 MRSA §6078, Sub§ 5.B.

Maine Department of Transportation (1976). Subsurface Investigation for Route 190 in Eastport, Maine Department of Transportation, Materials and Research Division, Soils Report, Project Number 307(3). (No. 76-46), Maine Department of Transportation, Materials and Research Division, Soils Section.

Maine Department of Transportation (1977). Maine Port Development Study, Phase 1, Port Facility Inventory and Evaluation, Volume 2, Damariscotta to Eastport, Maine Department of Transportation, Augusta, Maine.

Maine Office of Georgraphic Information Systems (1996). "Data layers."

Mansfield, A. W. and B. Beck (1977). The grey seal in eastern Canada, Can. Fish. Mar. Serv. (No. 704).

Maranda, L., D. M. Anderson, et al. (1985). "Comparison of toxicity between populations of Gonyaulax tamarensis of eastern North American waters." Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 21(3): 401.

Marcogliese, D. J. and M. D. B. Burt (1993). "Larval nematodes infecting marine crustaceans in eastern Canada to Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick." J. Helminth. Soc. Wash. 60(1): 100.

Marine Research Associates (1983). A study into the feasibility of culturing Atlantic and pink salmon in sea cages: final report to the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Marine Research Associates, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, St. Andrews, New Brunswick: Marine Research Associates.

Markle, D. F. (1982). "Identification of larval and juvenile Canadian Atlantic gadoids with comments on the systematics of gadid subfamilies." Canadian Journal of Zoology 60: 3420.

Markle, D. F., D. A. Methven, et al. (1982). "Aspects of spatial and temporal cooccurrence in the life history stages of the sibling hakes, Urophysis chuss (Walbaum 1792) and Urophycis tenuis (Mitchill 1815) (Pisces: Gadidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 60: 2057.

Relatively more coexistence is seen between neustonic juveniles. However, they show some seasonal and pronounced diel differences in availability to neuston nets (U. chuss predominates during the day and U. tenuis during night). The greatest coexistence is seen between adult U. chuss and adolescent to adult U. tenuis

Over its life, U. tenuis tends to move into deeper water while U. chuss is relatively stenotopic, its distribution largely a reaction to temperature. The life history strategy of U. tenuis is "get big quick" a goal achieved, in part, through delayed maturation (relative to U. chuss). The strategy of U. chuss seems to be avoid predation, concentration growth in the juvenile stage, and "get mature quick." We speculate that both species' life histories may be subordinate to getting the demersal juveniles into the right nursery area at the right time. fish; vertebrates; fauna; distribution; Northwest Atlantic; ecology; life history

Martin, J. D. (1987). Atlantic salmon and alewife passage at the fishway on the Magaguadavic River, New Brunswick, during 1984, Can. Manu. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (No. 1938), Department of Fisheries and Oceans, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, (Canada). Biological Station.

Martin, J. L., K. Haya, et al. (1990). "Nitzschia pseudodelicatissima--a source of domoic acid in the Bay of Fundy, eastern Canada." Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 6(2): 177.

Martin, J. L. and A. W. White (1988). "Distribution and abundance of the toxic dinoflagellate Gonyaulax excavata in the Bay of Fundy." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45(11): 1968.

Martin, J. L., A. W. White, et al. (1990). "Anatomical distribution of paralytic shellfish toxins in soft-shell clams." Toxic Marine Phytoplankton. 379.

Martin, J. L. and D. J. Wildish (1990). Algal blooms in the Bay of Fundy salmon aquaculture region. Aquaculture Association of Canada Conerence, Halifax, Nova Scotia, (Canada), Aquaculture Association of Canada (Also pp. 1-6 Can. Tech. Rept. Fish. Aquat. Sci., no. 1761).

Martin, W. R. (1960). "Predicted effects of proposed tidal power structures on groundfish catches in Charlotte County, New Brunswick." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada17(2): 169.

Mathieson, A. C. and C. A. Penniman (1986). "A phytogeographic interpretation of the marine flora from the Isles of Shoals, U.S.A." Bot. Mar. 29(5): 413.

Mavor, J. H. (1923). "The circulation of the water in the Bay of Fundy, Part II. The distribution of temperature, salinity and density in 1919 and the movements of the water which they indicate in the Bay of Fundy." Contributions to Canadian Biology 1: 353.

Mavor, J. W. (1922). "The circulation of the water in the Bay of Fundy, Part I. Introduction and drift bottle experiments." Contributions to Canadian Biology, New Series1: 101.

McCollough, M. A. (1981). The feeding ecology of migratory semipalmated sandpipers, short-billed dowitchers, semipalmated plovers, and black-bellied plovers on staging areas in Eastern Maine, M.S. Thesis in Wildlife Management, University of Maine at Orono.

Only semipalmated plovers showed a significant numerical response to the density of their major prey on study plots. Shorebird foraging rates (pecks and probes per min) were not correlated with prey density. Short-billed dowitchers, semipalmated plovers, and black-bellied plovers captured more prey on areas where their prey were most numerous. These observations were consistent with the hypothesis that shorebirds would be most abundant in areas of high prey density because the number of prey captured is greatest in such areas.

Changes in the June-September density of potential invertebrate shorebird prey ranged from a 39% increase for Corophium volutator to a 84% decrease for Gammarus oceanicus. Some invertebrate taxa (Nereis virens, marine oligochaetes, Hydrobia sp., Littorina sp., and Gammarus oceanicus exhibited a density-dependent change in density. These changes were assumed to have been in response to numerical and functional behavior of shorebirds. Results of exclosure experiments to prohibit shorebird feeding were too variable to make valid conclusions about invertebrate population changes in the absence of shorebird predation. Evidence from this study indicates that invertebrate prey are plentiful in eastern Maine throughout the migratory season. The transitory nature of shorebird migration was apparently short enough to inhibit a largescale depletion of intertidal invertebrates.

Supplement Abstract:

Shorebirds (Charadriiformes) were censused on coastal staging areas in eastern Maine during northward (April-June) and southward (July-September) migrations in 1980. Twenty-five species of shorebirds were recorded. Maximum numbers of semipalmated sandpipers (26,174), short-billed dowitchers (761), semipalmated plovers (1,783), and black-bellied plovers (2,066) were recorded during July and August on 10 feeding and 10 roosting areas. Mud flats in the Eastport, Lubec, and Machias Bay areas supported the highest number of shorebirds. High tide roosts at Lubec and Sprague Neck (Machias Bay) were most heavily used. These data confirm that the coastal area in eastern Maine is of major importance to shorebirds especially during their fall migration. shorebirds; birds; Quoddy; feeding; migration; food web; invertebrates; inventory; benthic; fauna; vertebrates; predation; mudflats

McCollough, M. A. (1986). Post-fledgling ecology and population dynamics of bald eagles in Maine, Doctoral Dissertation in Wildlife, University of Maine at Orono.

A winter feeding program for bald eagles was conducted in Maine during 1981-1985. Over 98,000 kg of carrion were distributed to feeding stations in 4 major eagle wintering areas. Numbers of individual eagles using the feeding stations increased from 66 in 1981-82 to 274 in 1984-85. Observations of 203 different banded eagles indicated that the wintering birds were primarily from Maine and the Canadian Maritime Provinces. First- and second-year eagles depended on the feeding stations for most of their winter diet and older eagles used the feeding stations less frequently. Dispersal of first-year eagles probably decreased as a result of feeding. Average regional productivity did not increase but local production near feeding sites was enhanced. Energetics of feeding, feeding interactions with corvids, and management implications are also discussed.

Resightings of 195 banded bald eagles at winter feeding stations in Maine from 1981-85 enabled calculation of survival estimates. Survival of first-year, second-year, and older eagles was 73%, 84% and 9l% respectively. Minimum age-specific survival estimates for eagles before feeding were 54%, 79% and 91%. Survival was much higher than previously reported and may have increased by as much as 18% for 1-and 2-year eagles as the result of winter feeding. Survival and productivity data indicate that Maine's bald eagle population should increase from 84 nesting pairs in 1981 to over 150 nesting pairs by the mid-l990's.

Eighteen young bald eagles in eastern Maine were observed from fledging to dispersal from their natal area. Young eagles stayed with their parents from 35 to 67 days before dispersing and relied entirely on their parents for food (primarily fish during this period). Home ranges of young eagles during the post-fledgling period were smallest for island nest sites (X = 8 ha) and largest (X = 69 ha) for interior nest sites. Young eagles used primarily large, supercanopy white pines (Pinus strobus) and spruces (Picea sp.) for perch sites and perched near the nest or in adjacent forested riparian habitats. From 30-60% of the 1982-85 cohorts initiated a long distance dispersal along the Atlantic seaboard during their first winter. Most of the eagles returned to Maine by their second winter. By their second summer young eagles were adept at capturing their own food and wandered throughout eastern Maine and western New Brunswick.

Retention rates of plastic color bands, anodized rivet bands, vinylcoated nylon band tags, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service rivet bands were determined by repeated observations of 157 triple-banded bald eagles at winter feeding stations in eastern Maine. Plastic color bands had the greatest loss rates and were removed by all birds by their fourth winter. Band tags, anodized rivet bands, and USFWS rivet bands were recommended as good markers for identifying individual bald eagles if the anticipated distance between observers and marked eagles is consistently <100m. Resightings of color-marked eagles has increased the proportion of Maine eagles reobserved from 8.2% to 56.3% and enabled the calculation of survival estimates. Details of materials and construction of color markers are given. eagles; Gulf of Maine; feeding; birds; vertebrates; fauna; life history; distribution; population; habitats; moult

McCollough, M. A., C. S. Todd, et al. (1984). "Refueling the big birds." Maine Fish. Wildl. 26(12-15).

McCollough, M. A., C. S. Todd, et al. (1994). "Supplemental feeding program for wintering bald eagles in Maine." Wildl. Soc. Bull. (in Press).

McCracken, F. D. (1960). "Studies of haddock in the Passamaquoddy Bay region." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 17(2): 175.

McCracken, F. D. (1963). "Seasonal movements of the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum), on the Atlantic coast." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 20: 551.

In spring immature and mature flounders are alongshore with spawning fish concentrated in shallow water. During "summer", winter flounders leave the shore zone in areas where water temperatures rise above about 15° C but not where bottom temperatures do not reach this level. This movement toward cooler water does not continue into depths at which temperature is below about 12° C. Flounders return to the shore zone in fall after temperature decreases below 15° C. These temperatures are well below the upper incipient lethal for flounders of about 26° C.

Flounders remaining alongshore in summer are distributed in depth according to size and maturity. Small, immature fish are in the shallowest water, the region of highest light intensity, immatures of medium size deeper, and mature fish in both regions. Under experimental conditions immature fish of medium size moved into shade at lower light intensities than either small immatures or large matures.

North of Cape Cod flounders move deeper in "winter" as the shallow water becomes colder than the deeper. To the south, spawning condition is reached earlier and mature flounders remain in shallow water during the cold-water period.

Off southern New England, a large, sustained fishery denotes a large population of flounders. In the Bay of Fundy and off the coast of Nova Scotia winter flounders are restricted to a narrow depth zone, and good exploratory catches there probably do not indicate large populations. In the broader shallow zones of the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence similar catches suggest a larger population. Exploitation will depend on increased efforts by small otter trawlers or possible development of marine sport fishing. Gulf of Maine; flounder; distribution; migration; population; Northwest Atlantic; fish; vertebrates; fauna; temperature

McKenzie, R. A. and B. E. Skud (1958). "Herring migrations in the Passamaquoddy region." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 15(6): 1329.

McKenzie, R. A. and S. N. Tibbo (1960). "Herring fishery in southern New Brunswick." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 17(2): 133.

McKenzie, R. A. and S. N. Tibbo (1961). "Herring movements in the Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of Maine, 1957 and 1958." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 18(2): 221.

McLeese, D. W. and D. G. Wilder (1958). "The activity and catchability of the Lobster (Homarus americanus) in relation to temperature." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 15(6): 1345.

McLeese, J. M. and T. W. Moon (1989). "Seasonal changes in the intestinal mucosa of winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum), from Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick." J. Fish Biol. 35(3): 381.

McLellan, H. J. (1958). "Energy considerations in the Bay of Fundy." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 15: 115.

The effect which the extraction of additional power from the system would have on tidal ranges is evaluated. The range at the head of the Bay of Fundy would decrease at the rate of 0.84 foot (26 cm.) for each million kilowatts. The proposed Passamaquoddy Project would probably increase the mean tidal range at Hopewell Cape by 0.6 foot (18 cm.) tidal power; hydrography; oceanography; Passamaquoddy; Quoddy

McLeod, M. J. and N. Rast (1988). "Correlations and fault systematics in the Passamaquoddy Bay area, southwestern New Brunswick." Marit. Sed. Atl. Geol. 24(3): 289.

McMurrich, J. P. (1912). "Notes on the Actinae occurring in the neighbourhood of the Biological Station, St. Andrews, New Brunswick." Contributions of Canadian Biology 1906-1910: 33.

McMurrich, J. P. (1917). "Notes on some crustacean forms occurring in the plankton of Passamaquoddy Bay." Trans. Roy. Soc. Can. 11: 47.

In carrying out a qualitative study of the plankton of Passamaquoddy Bay with the object of determining its seasonal variations a number of interesting forms were observed, some altogether new and others hitherto unrecorded from the Eastern Atlantic. A record of certain of these forms seemed desirable, even although the information concerning them was by no means complete, and the present paper is an account of certain adult and larval Crustacea, all of which present features of interest. crustaceans; Passamaquoddy; zooplankton; invertebrates; fauna; Quoddy

McMurrich, J. P. (1917). "The winter plankton in the neighborhood of St. Andrews, 1914-1915." Contributions of Canadian Biology 1915/16: 1.

With the object of determining the general character of the winter plankton in the vicinity of the Biological Station, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, the caretaker of the station A.B. Calder, was instructed to make collections of the plankton during the winter of 1914-15 and to preserve the material collected in formalin. Collections were consequently made at frequent intervals from the latter part of September, 1914, until the end of May, 1915, and in what follows, the results of a qualitative study of the collections are given. Acknowledgment must be made of the conscientious manner in which Calder fulfilled the task with which he was entrusted, the collections having been made with sufficient frequency to give an excellent idea of the character of the winter plankton, and the material being well preserved. Two collections were taken at each station in the majority of cases, one at the surface and one at a depth of about 6 metres (3 fathoms), and at each station the temperature of both the air and the surface-water was taken, and the condition of the tide noted. The only misfortune that occurred was the loss of the labels of some of the collections, chiefly of those made in the early autumn, so that these collections cannot be included in the table which forms an appendix to this report. Their omission, however, does not modify the qualitative character of the plankton as shown by the remaining collections. In studying the collections, the volume of the material contained in each one was measured, and since nets of the same mesh were used throughout and the time of the towing was the same, i.e., twenty minutes for each collection, the amounts obtained indicate approximately the relative abundance of the plankton in the different gatherings of the series. Obviously, however, they furnish no indication of the absolute amount of material present in the water of Passamaquoddy Bay, since no data were available as to the volume of water filtered through the nets during the towing. So many factors, uncontrollble in the series of collections under consideration, enter into the question of the determination of the absolute plankton volume that it did not seem worth while to attempt an estimation of the volume of water filtered by the nets. The amounts obtained have, therefore, only a relative interest. One feature is, however, shown very clearly by the figures, namely, that with rare exceptions the collections from the 6-metre level were considerably larger than those from the surface. This may or may not have a bearing in the distribution of the plankton, since the conditions under which the collections at the two levels were made were not quite identical, the surface collections having been made with a net of finer mesh than that used at the metre level. The greater fineness of the surface net may have caused so much diminution of flow through it, that much less water was actually filtered by it than by the fathom net, in which case a less amount of plankton, even though its distribution were uniform at both levels, would be expected in the surface collection. In future series the conditions for the gatherings at the two levels will be made more uniform, and it is hoped that a definite result will be obtained as to this question of distribution. zooplankton; Passamaquoddy; distribution; Quoddy; inventory; fauna

Medcof, J. C. (1962). "Possible effects of Passamaquoddy Power Project on clams, scallops and shipworms in Canadian waters." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada19(5): 877.

Medcof, J. C. and M. L. H. Thomas (1974). "Surfacing on ice of frozen-in marine bottom materials." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 31(7): 1195.

Melvin, G. D. (1976). A collection of fishes from Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick, Hunstman Marine Laboratory Report, Hunstman Marine Laboratory.

Mercier, F. M. (1985). "Fat reserves and migration of red-necked phalaropes (Phalaropus lobatus) in the Quoddy region, New Brunswick, Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology63(12): 2810.

Mercier, F. M. and D. E. Gaskin (1985). "Feeding ecology of migrating red-necked phalaropes (Phalaropus lobatus) in the Quoddy region, New Brunswick, Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63(5): 1062.

Merrill, S. (1978). Suitability of the Passamaquoddy Bay area for marine salmonid culture, Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans, St. Andrews.

Messieh, S. N., C. D. Burnett, et al. (1968). Length and age distribution; Bay of Fundy herring, Fish. Res. Bd. Can. Tech. Rep. (No. 277).

About 68% (260,000 tons) of the herring catch in 1967 was landed in the Maritimes--most of it (210,000 tons) in the Bay of Fundy region. Landings in Quebec were approximately 30,000 tons and in Newfoundland 90,000 tons. The greatest percentage increase has been in the Newfoundland area where landings have increased more than ten-fold since 1962. The most spectacular increase, however, has been in the Bay of Fundy area where catches have increased by 140,000 tons since 1962.

The Biological Station of the Fisheries Research Board at St. Andrews has been very much concerned about increases in the exploitation rates for herring stocks, and is accumulating as much information as possible in order to provide the best possible evaluation of the biological impact that these are having on the various stocks. There is an urgent need by both industry and government for a reasonably accurate long term estimate of the potential of the herring harvest. With a view to providing such an estimate one of the major projects within the herring research program at St. Andrews is to study changes in the population dynamics of herring stocks especially with regard to size and age composition, recruitment, growth, catch-per-unit effort, and migrations. This report attempts to assemble in a convenient and usable form the accumulation of data from 1956 to 1967 on two of these parameters (size and age composition) for herring stocks in the Bay of Fundy region. Its purpose includes an assessment of the project for use as a guide in future work of this kind. herring; fisheries; Fundy; population; life history; vertebrates; fauna

Messieh, S. N., S. N. Tibbo, et al. (1971). Distribution, abundance and growth of larval herring (Clupea harengus L.) in the Bay of Fundy - Gulf of Maine area, Fish. Res. Bd. Can. Tech. Rep. (No. 277), Fisheries Research Board of Canada Biological Station.

Recent studies of the distribution, abundance and mortality of herring larvae in relation to changes in environmental conditions include those of Graham (1936), Fish and Johnson (1937), Leim (1958), Tibbo et al (1958), Tibbo and Legare (1960), Das (1968), Graham and Davis (1971) and Sameoto (1971) all of which deal with larval herring in Northwest Atlantic. For the Northeast Atlantic many papers were submitted at the "Symposium on the biology of early stages and recruitment mechanisms of herring" held ln Copenhagen in 1968 (Saville, 1971). herring; fisheries; Fundy; distribution; life history; vertebrates; fauna

Meyer, K. B. (1971). "Distribution and zoogeography of fourteen species of nudibranchs of northern New England and Nova Scotia." Veliger 14(2): 137.

Middlebrook, K., C. W. Emerson, et al. (1987). "Distribution and abundance of tintinnids in the Quoddy Region of the Bay of Fundy." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65(3): 594.

Middlebrook, K. and J. C. Roff (1986). "Comparison of methods for estimating annual productivity of the copepods Acartia hudsonica and Eurytemora herdmani in Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences43(3): 656.

Miller, D. S. and D. Iles (1975). Catch statistics for the Bay of Fundy herring fisheries 1963-1974, Fish. Mar. Serv. Dev. Tech. Rep. (No. 594), Fisheries and Marine Service.

Miller, J. D. and N. J. Whitney (1981). "Fungi from the Bay of Fundy. II. Observations on Fungi from living and cast seaweeds." Bot. Mar. 24: 405.

Milne, W. R. and S. Corey (1986). "Distributional patterns of the ctenophores Pleurobrachia pileus and Beroe cucumis in the Bay of Fundy region, Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64(11): 2639.

Minot, E. O. (1976). American eider rearing ecology in the Grand Manan archipelago, New Brunswick, M.S., University of Maine at Orono.

Moore, H. F. (1898). Observations on the herring and herring fisheries of the Northeast coast, with special reference to the vicinity of Passamaquoddy Bay, United States Fish Commission (No. 1896), United States Fish Commission.

Moore, L. R. (1992). Cobscook Bay's marine industries and uses: A preliminary inventory of economic and ecological data, Report to the Maine Chapter, The Nature Conservancy, Brunswick, ME.

From the introduction:

The purpose of this document is to inventory and assess the economic value of marine based activities in Cobscook Bay, and in turn assess how those activities are dependent upon and may affect the marine ecosystem. It is important to note that most of the information that follows was compiled in two months and must be considered preliminary. In that sense, a primary goal of this review was to suggest areas for further studies. inventory; economics; Cobscook; Quoddy; ecology; ports

Moore, L. R. (1993). Five marine resource management programs and their relevance to Cobscook Bay, Report to the Maine Chapter, The Nature Conservancy, Brunswick, ME.

Moreau, R. (1977). Passamaquoddy tidal power: An analysis, M.A., University of Maine at Orono.

Moring, J. R. and K. Finlayson (1995). Relationships between land use activities and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) habitat: A literature review, Maine Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit, University of Maine.

The causes of the recent declines are unknown, as water quality and fish passage have improved substantially in the past decades and commercial fishing has been significantly reduced and even halted in most areas, including New England waters. The principal causes of the declines likely relate to some factors during the ocean residence by salmon, perhaps cold water temperatures (DeMont 1994) but these are difficult to identify and quantify. Freshwater sources of mortality, however, surely play a role. Salmon smolts, during their downstream migration, are delayed by dams and are subject to predation by double-crested cormorants (Krohn et al. 1995), and other aquatic birds, as well as freshwater fishes (van den Ende 1993), seals, and other predators. In addition, certain land use practices are also known to affect Atlantic salmon, especially during their freshwater reference. While recent closures and moratoriums for commercial fishing in the marine environment are attempting to address some sources of marine mortality, the influences of land use practices need to be identified. With the strong possibility that some populations of Atlantic salmon may be listed and protected under the Federal Endangered Species Act, the freshwater phase of the life cycle is of particular concern.

As a consequence, a review of the impact of land use activities on Atlantic salmon and their habitat is timely. This is especially pertinent in Maine, where 89% of the state is still forested, where the forest products industry is a major influence on the economy, where most land is privately owned, and where 99% of the Nation's runs of Atlantic salmon currently exist. Extensive information is available on the effects of land use activities on salmonids, but only a small portion of it deals with Atlantic salmon. In addition, impacts of fish and habitat have been both positive and negative, and there has been some concern, from a statistical perspective, that the response of fishes to land disturbance can not be easily categorized in short-term studies (Pella and Myren 1974). Therefore, each account in the literature must be evaluated on its own merits. Gulf of Maine; fish; salmon; vertebrates; anadromous; fauna; conservation

Morrison, R. I. G. (1977). "Use of the Bay of Fundy by shorebirds." Fundy Tidal Power and The Environment: Proceedings of a workshop on the Environmental Implications of Fundy Tidal Power held at Wolfville, Nova Scotia, November 4-5, 1976. Wolfville, Nova Scotia, The Acadia University Institute. 187.

Mossop, B. K. E. (1921). "A study of the sea mussel." Contributions of Canadian Biology 1921(2): 15.

In 1917 the writer began a study of the growth of the sea mussel (Mytilus edulis, Linn.) primarily with the object of discovering the commercial possibilities of the mussells of our Atlantic coast. The investigation was conducted chiefly on the mussels of the St. Andrew's region, New Brunswick, with the Marine Biological Station, St. Andrews as a base, but brief surveys were also made of the beds at Digby, Nova Scotia, and at Grand Manan Island, Bay of Fundy. A very limited number of shells from Hudson's Bay were also examined. The problem soon presented five main aspects, vix.; (1) the distribution of the beds and the size and number of mussels in them; (2) the age of the animals forming the beds; (3) the enemies which prey on them; (4) the factors governing their rate of growth; (5) the factors governing their distribution. mussels; molluscs; ecology; Passamaquoddy; Quoddy; Fundy; distribution; shellfish; invertebrates; fauna; benthic; bivalves

Moyse, C. M. (1978). Bay of Fundy environmental and tidal power bibliography, Fish. Mar. Sci. Tech. Rept. (No. 822), Canada. Fisheries and Marine Service.

Mullan, M. W. and A. B. Williams (1954). 1953 operations of the "floating-car" method of cleansing clams (Mya arenaria L.), Fish. Res. Bd. Can. Manu. Rept. Ser. Biol. Sta. (No. 562), Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

Murison, L. D. and D. E. Gaskin (1989). "The distribution of right whales and zooplankton in the Bay of Fundy, Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67: 1411.

National Marine Fisheries Service (1980). Tidal Power Study, Cobscook Bay, Maine, Environmental Assessments and Evaluations, Quality Report, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (1975). Climatography of the United States No. 20, Climate of Bar Harbor, Eastport, Old Town, Presque Isle and Ripogenus Dam, Maine, Environmental Data and Information Service, National Climatic Center Substation Summaries, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration, Environmental Data and Information Service, National Climatic Center: Ashville, N.C.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (1978). Position statement on the siting of an oil refinery by the Pittston Company at Eastport, Maine, United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (1994). Draft Gulf of Maine Point Source Inventory: A summary by watershed for 1991, NOAA Strategic Environmental Assessments Division.

Newcombe, C. L. (1929). Animal communities in the inter-tidal belt of the St. Andrews Region. Atlantic Biological Station, Manuscript Report of the Biological Stations (No. 46), Biological Board of Canada.

Newcombe, C. L. (1935). "Growth of Mya arenaria L. in the Bay of Fundy region." Can. J. Res.13D: 97.

Newcombe, C. L. (1935). "A study of the community relationships of the sea mussel, Mytilus edulis L." Ecology 16(2): 234.

Newcombe, C. L. (1942). "Certain environmental factors of a sand beach in the St. Andrews region, New Brunswick, with a preliminary designation of the intertidal communities." J. Ecol.23: 334.

Newman, L. J. and S. Corey (1983). "Aspects of the biology and distribution of pteropods (Gastropoda; Opisthobranchia) from the Bay of Fundy region, Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 62: 397.

Nissen, S. T. (1981). Initial decision in the matter of the Pittston Company NPDES permit application no. ME0022420, United States. Environmental Protection Agency; Pittston Company; [Eastport, Maine Oil Refinery and Marine Terminal Proposal], United States. Environmental Protection Agency; Pittston Company; [Eastport, Maine Oil Refinery and Marine Terminal Proposal].

Noble, J. P. A. and A. Logan (1981). "Size-frequency distributions and taphonomy of brachiopods: A recent model." Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. 36: 87.

Noble, J. P. A., A. Logan, et al. (1976). "The recent Terebratulina community in the rocky subtidal zone of the Bay of Fundy, Canada." Lethaia 9: 1.

Comparison with recently described Jurassic, Cretaceous and Recent (Mediterranean) hard-ground communities suggests a relative constancy in composition, in terms of higher taxa since the Mesozoic. Development of these (sub-)communities occurs wherever crevice or cavity systems on hard substrates lead to microenvironments differentiated mainly on the basis of water energy and light.

The composition and trophic structure of the community and the life habits of Terebratulina septentrionalis (Couthouy) are related to aspects of the environment. Marked differences in composition between the living cavity sub-community and the death assemblages in the sediments are shown to be due to differential preservation, fragmentation, population dynamics and limited local transportation. subtidal; ecology; Fundy; benthic; invertebrates; fauna; diversity; rocky

Nol, E. and D. E. Gaskin (1987). "Distribution and movements of black guillemots (Cepphus grylle) in coastal waters of the southwestern Bay of Fundy, Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65(11): 2682.

O'Brien, M. (1979). A qualitative and quantitative study of the meroplankton in Cobscook Bay, Maine, Senior thesis in Biology, Wellesley College.

Sampling was designed to give insight into the dispersal patterns of the larval forms. Statistical tests revealed no significant differences in the meroplankton sampled from the two tidal phases. Therefore, no conclusive information on the movement of the larval forms was obtained. Advisor: not indicated. Acknowledges Arthur West, III, Ken Sherman and Michael Dadswell among others. Cobscook; Quoddy; zooplankton; distribution; inventory; fauna

Ocean Research Corporation, C. E. C. (1979). Eastport Feasibility Study for Public Fish Pier, Local Project Report, Maine State Planning Office, Natural Resource Planning Division, Coastal Program.

Olday, F. C., S. C. Gawler, et al. (1978). Seven Unusual Sub-Arctic Plants of the Maine Coast, Maine Critical Areas Program Planning Report (No. 78), Maine Critical Areas Program, Maine State Planning Office.

Thirty-three new stations for Iris hookeri, forty-seven for Sedum rosea, and two for Primula laurentiana are documented in this report. These include stations discovered by Olday plus additional stations reported to him and CAP by other field biologists but previously unreported in the literature. The two currently known stations for Montia lamprosperma and four for Lomatogonium rotatum are also described in this report. The distribution, habitat preferences, distinguishing features, reproduction and possible reasons for rarity of these species as well as their significance in the context of Maine's flora are described and discussed.

Twenty-two of the most exemplary sites supporting these unusual species are described in this report. These sites are ranked according to their relative significance, with priority given to sites that support the species rarest in Maine, Montia, Lomatogonium, and Primula. Eight sites are recommended for nomination as Critical Areas. Gulf of Maine; flora; conservation; terrestrial; habitats; life history

Owen, R. B., Jr., C. S. Todd, et al. (1982). "The ecology and management of bald eagles in Maine." Trans. Northeast Sec. Wildl. Soc. 39: 110.

Owen, R. B., Jr.,, C. S. Todd, et al. (1991). "Nesting history and population status of Maine's bald eagles." Trans. Northeast Sect. Wild. Soc. 48: 21.

Page, F. H. (1979). Structure of sublittoral hard-bottom benthic communities in the Quoddy region, Bay of Fundy, Canada, Masters in Biology, University of New Brunswick.

Parks Canada, et al. (1983). A National Marine Park Concept; West Isles, New Brunswick Pilot Study, Summary Document.

Parrish, B. B. (1958). An appraisal of the Passamaquoddy herring problem: a report on consultative services, Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Manuscript Report Series (biological). (No. 668), Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

Parsons, G. J. and M. J. Dadswell (1991). Stocking density effects on growth and survival of the giant scallop, Placopecten magellanicus, held in intermediate suspension culture. 8. Annu. Meet. of the Aquaculture Association of Canada, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, (Canada).

Parsons, G. J. and M. J. Dadswell (1992). "Effect of stocking density on growth, production, and survival of the giant scallop, Placopecten magellanicus, held in intermediate suspension culture in Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick." Aquaculture103(3-4): 291.

Parsons, G. J. and M. J. Dadswell (1992). Seasonal and size-related swimming behaviour in the giant scallop, Placopeten magellanicus. AQUACULTURE '92: Growing Toward the 21st Century., Orlando, FL (USA).

Parsons, G. J., S. M. C. Robinson, et al. (1992). "Intra-annual and long-term patterns in the reproductive cycle of giant scallops Placopecten magellanicus (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) from Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick, Canada." Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.80(2-3): 203.

Parsons, G. J., J. C. Roff, et al. (1989). "Influence of environmental factors on the maximization of spat settlement in the giant scallop, Placopecten magellanicus." J. Shellfish Res.8(2): 458.

Parsons, J., S. M. C. Robinson, et al. (1991). "Short and long term temporal patterns in the reproductive cycle of the sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus, from Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick, Canada (Abs.)." J. Shellfish Res. 10(1): 272.

Peacock, G. (1979). Processing plants in Charlotte County and elsewhere in the Bay of Fundy, Can. Fish. Mar. Serv. (No. 901).

Since the publication of Tech. Rep. 428, 1974, there have been a number of changes in the distribution of fish processing and handling facilities, and considerable changes in the capital investment in fish processing plants. A number of companies have undergone major expasion or modernization which matches the modernization of the fishing fleet itself. Unfortunately, the method of reporting statistics has changed somewhat and it is not, therefore, possible to give data in format exactly comparable with the 1973 figures, nevertheless, some significant trends can be shown.

Title of overall report: Evaluation of recent data relative to potential oil spills in the Passamaquoddy area. D.J. Scarratt, editor. economics; Fundy; fisheries; industry

Pejepscot Paper Division, H. C. (1968). "Cover maps of Cutler and Whiting."

Peppin, D. S., M. S. Peppin, et al. (1970). Report on preliminary survey of sub-littoral seaweeds in Bay of Fundy area, including Passamaquoddy Bay, and area between Deadman Harbour and Beaver Harbour, Malpeque Shellfish Incorporated, Malpeque Shellfish Incorporated.

Perkins, L. F. and P. F. Larsen (1975). A preliminary checklist of the marine and estuarine invertebrates of Maine, TRIGOM (No. 10), The Research Institute of the Gulf of Maine.

Perron, F. (1978). "The habitat and feeding behavior of the wentletrap Epitonium greenlandicum." Malacologia 17(1): 63.

Pezzack, D. S. and S. Corey (1979). "The life history and distribution of Neomysis americana (Smith) (Crustacea, Mysidacea) in Passamaquoddy Bay." Canadian Journal of Zoology 57(4): 785.

Phipps, R. and D. Powell (1972). Geophysical and drogue study, current profile reports: Eastport tanker terminal project, Eastport, Maine, EG & G Incorporated; [Eastport, Maine Oil Refinery and Marine Terminal Proposal], EG & G Incorporated; [Eastport, Maine Oil Refinery and Marine Terminal Proposal].

Pittston Company and United States Army Corps of Engineers, et al. (1977). Impact of oil on Fundy Bay and associated environs [Eastport, Maine Oil Refinery and Marine Terminal Proposal].

Plant, S. (1985). Bay of Fundy environmental and tidal power bibliography (second edition), Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (No. 1339), Bedford Inst. of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, (Canada). Mar. Ecol. Lab.

Pleasant Point Tribal Council (1977). Feasibility Study: Proposal prepared by N. Laberge to Department of Interior and Federal Energy Administration.

Pontecorvo, G. and L. W. Scattergood (1963). Economic survey of the U.S. fisheries in the Passamaquoddy region, 1956-57, Special Scientific Report-Fisheries. (No. 473), United States. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Prakash, A. (1963). "Source of paralytic shellfish toxin in the Bay of Fundy." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 20(4): 983.

Prakash, A., J. C. Medcof, et al. (1971). Paralytic shellfish poisoning in eastern Canada, Fish. Res. Bd. Can. Bull. (No. 177), Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

Measurements of shellfish toxicity using mouse bioassays show that toxicity varies with species of shellfish, area, and position in the intertidal zone. Shellfish species also differ in anatomical distribution of the poison. Although 14 species of shellfish have been shown to become toxic, soft-shell clams and blue mussels account for about 90% of the poisonings. Blue mussels accumulate the largest amounts of toxin in the shortest time. Possible mechanisms of toxin accumulation in molluscan shellfish, both filter feeding and nonfilter feeding, are discussed.

The causative organism, G. tamarensis, synthesizes a potent endotoxin; its toxigenic and growth characteristics and environmental factors influencing its seasonal abundance are discussed. The toxins extracted from shellfish and from G. tamarensis cultures are identical in their pharmacological characteristics and there is little doubt that they are structurally similar. Methods for measuring shellfish toxicity are described and factors affecting accuracy of mouse bioassays are reviewed.

Home cooking and commercial canning each reduce shellfish toxicity by 70-90%, and storage of toxic canned shellfish further reduces their toxicity. Toxin in live shellfish can be reduced or eliminated if they are transplanted to nontoxic areas or subjected to sudden changes in salinity and temperature.

A control program to reduce risks of poisoning without jeopardizing the shellfish fishery has been instituted. This program involves classification of shellfish-producing areas according to patterns and levels of toxin accumulation; year-round monitoring of toxicity in seriously affected areas; closures and patrolling of areas when toxin scores reach hazardous levels; and warning the public of dangers. The effectiveness of control schemes and the problems in implementing them are discussed. paralytic shellfish poisoning; Fundy; dinoflagellates; distribution; molluscs; clams; mussels; fisheries; invertebrates; shellfish; fauna; toxins; phytoplankton; flora; bivalves

Prouse, N. J., D. C. J. Gordon, et al. (1984). Primary production: Organic matter supply to ecosystems in the Bay of Fundy, Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (No. 1256).

Province of New Brunswick (1973). Brief by the Province of New Brunswick to the Board of Environmental Protection, State of Maine, Public Hearing of Application by the Pittston Company, Province of New Brunswick.

R.W. Booker and Associates (1970). A Comprehensive Development Plan, Eastport, Maine, Development Plan, R.W. Booker and Associates, Lexington, Kentucky.

R.W. Booker and Associates (1971). A Comprehensive Development Plan, Eastport, Maine Volume 2, Development Plan, R.W. Booker and Associates, Lexington, Kentucky.

Rangeley, R. W. and M. L. H. Thomas (1987). "Predatory behaviour of juvenile shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.)." J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 108(2): 191.

Rankin, D. (1977). A qualitative and quantitative study of the zooplankton in the inner Cobscook Bay area, Senior thesis, Suffolk University.

Rao, D. B. (1968). "Natural oscillations of the Bay of Fundy." Journal Fisheries Research Board of Canada 25(6): 1097.

Ray, S. and V. Jerome (1987). Copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead in scallops (Placopecten magellanicus) from the Maritimes, Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (No. 1519).

Read, A. J. (1990). "Age at sexual maturity and pregnancy rates of harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena from the Bay of Fundy." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences47: 561.

Read, A. J. and D. E. Gaskin (1985). "Radio tracking the movements and activities of harbor porpoises, Phocoena phocoena (L.), in the Bay of Fundy, Canada." Fish. Bull. 83: 543.

Read, A. J. and D. E. Gaskin (1988). "Incidental catch of harbor porpoises by gill nets." Journal of Wildlife Management 52(3): 517.

Read, A. J. and D. E. Gaskin (1990). "Changes in growth and reproduction of harbour porpoises, Phocoena phocoena, from the Bay of Fundy." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47: 2158.

Reeves, R., S. Kraus, et al. (1983). "Right whale refuge?" Nat. Hist. 92(4): 40.

Reid, P. C. (1980). "Toxic dinoflagellates and tidal power generation in the Bay of Fundy, Canada." Mar. Pollut. Bull. 11: 47.

Reilinger, R. (1987). "Reanalysis of crustal warping in coastal Maine." Geology 15(10): 958.

Robert, G., M. J. Lundy, et al. (1984). Recent trends in the Grand Manan scallop fishery, Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (No. 1267), Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Halifax, Nova Scotia, (Canada). Fisheries Research Branch.

Robert, G. and D. W. Smith (1980). Surveys of soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria) populations in some closed areas of Charlotte County, New Brunswick, Can. Manuscpt. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (No. 1567), Department of Fisheries and Oceans.

Robichaud, D. A. and A. Campbell (1991). "Annual and seasonal size-frequency changes of trap-caught lobsters (Homarus americanus) in the Bay of Fundy." J. Northwest. Atl. Fish. Sci. 11: 29.

Robinson, M. C. S., J. D. Martin, et al. (1991). "Spatial patterns of spat settlement in the sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus, compared to hydrographic conditions in Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick, Canada (Abs.)." J. Shellfish Res.10(1): 272.

Robinson, S. M. C., J. D. Martin, et al. (1992). Larval settlement patterns of the giant scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) in Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick, Canadian Atlantic Fisheries Scientific Advisory Committee, Research Document 92/115, Canadian Atlantic Fisheries Scientific Advisory Committee.

Roff, J. C. (1978). A guide to the marine flora and fauna of the Bay of Fundy: Copepoda: Calanoida, Can. Fish. Mar. Ser. Tech. Rept. (No. 823), Fisheries and Marine Service.

Roff, J. C. (1983). "Microzooplankton of the Quoddy region." Marine and coastal systems of the Quoddy region, New Brunswick. Ottawa, Department of Fisheries and Oceans. 201.

The term microzooplankton has no precise definition; Bougis (1976) presents some useful schemes for size ranking of planktonic organisms. Without specifying size too precisely, the organisms that form the subject of this chapter fall predominantly in the range of 100m to 10mm, the spanning two orders of magnitude in size. Excluded are the phytoplankton (Chapter 11) and the macrozooplankton > 1 cm (Chapter 12). For a general introduction to marine plankton, the practical guide by Newell and Newell (1963) is excellent and Smith (1977) is also useful. The general treatments of plankton ecology by Bougis (1976) and Raymont (1963) are highly recommended, and for more description, Hardy (1956). Detalied taxonomic references may be found in these texts.

The microzooplankton of the Quoddy Region has received little attention in recent years (see Legare and MacLellan 1960 for list of older studies). The most comprehensive studies of the area are still those by Fish and Johnson (1937) and Legare and MacLellan (1960) which deal with both micro- and macrozooplankton. The extensive report of Bigelow (1926) on the nearby Gulf of Maine is also indispensable.

The Bay of Fundy microzooplankton is a rich if somewhat unpredictable mixture of neritic, oceanic, and intermediate species including arctic, boreal, and southern forms. Several of these reach their limit of distribution in the Quoddy area. Like the macrozooplankton (Chapter 12), the microzooplankton of Passamaquoddy Bay is less diverse than that of the Bay of Fundy. However, unlike the macrozooplankton, several species of microzooplankton have substantial reproduction populations in Passamaquoddy Bay, and the populations of some estuarine species are virtually limited to the bay itself.

The largest fraction of the holozooplankton (the permanent members of the animal plankton) of the oceans consists of copepods. This is generally true also in the Quoddy Region, and the Copepoda will receive the greatest attention in this chapter. However, in order to at least give honorable mention to those planktonic organisms not covered elsewhere in the volume, the other groups of the microzooplankton, both holoplanktonic and meroplanktonic (temporary members of the plankton, as larvae), will be discussed. zooplankton; Quoddy; Passamaquoddy; distribution; inventory; invertebrates; fauna; copepods

Roff, J. C., K. G. Davidson, et al. (1984). A guide to the marine flora and fauna of the Bay of Fundy and Scotian Shelf: Larval Decapoda: Brachyura, Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (No. 1322), Department of Fisheries and Oceans.

Rosenfeld, M., M. George, et al. (1988). "Evidence of autumnal harbour seal, Phoca vitulina, movement from Canada to the United States." Can. Field Nat. 102: 527.

Rosenthal, H., M. McInerney-Northcott, et al. (1986). "Viable hatch and organochlorine contaminant levels in gonads of fall spawning Atlantic herring from Grand Manan, Bay of Fundy, Canada." Intern. Counc. Explor. Sea ICES Counc. Mtg. 1986: 27.

Rosenthal, H. and R. W. Rangeley (1989). "The effect of a salmon cage culture on the benthic community in a largely enclosed bay (Dark Harbour, Grand Manan Island, New Brunswick, Canada)." Fish Health Protection Strategies. 207.

Rowe, L. V., H. B. N. Hynes, et al. (1975). "Reproductive timing by the polychaetes Clymenella torquata and Praxillella praetermissa in Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick." Canadian Journal of Zoology 53: 293.

Rowe, V. L. (1970). The reproductive biology and ecology of two maldanid polychaetes from Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick, M.S. Thesis in Biology, University of Waterloo.

Rowe, V. L. and A. V. Tyler (1969). Observations on the polychaete, Clymenella torquata, with emphasis on egg production, Fish. Res. Bd. Can. Tech. Rept (No. 116), Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

Ruitenberg, A. A. (1968). Geology and mineralogy of the Passamaquoddy Bay region, Mineral Resources Branch, New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources (No. 7).

Sanger, D. and D. C. Kellogg (1989). "Prehistoric archaeology and evidence of coastal subsidence on the coast of Maine." Neotectonics in Maine. Augusta, Maine Geological Survey Bulletin 40.

For each of the zones the archaeological evidence is reviewed together with an assessment of site loss due to sea-level rise and coastal erosion. It is concluded that the oldest coastal sites are found in the Penobscot Bay area, where 5000 year old sites are still relatively intact. The shortest record occurs in Passamaquoddy Bay where sites are no older than 2500 years. Erosion of sites, and perhaps rate of submergence, is clearly greater in Passamaquoddy Bay than elsewhere in the study area.

In addition to documentation of differential site preservation, archaeology can contribute to sea-level rise studies through the analysis of changing habitats resulting from drowned estuaries. Research on the oyster shell middens along the Damariscotta River indicates just over 1 meter of sea-level rise over the past 2500 years.

These figures may be compared with data gathered by other methods to arrive at a synthetic statement of sea-level rise and/or coastal submergence due to crustal subsidence. Gulf of Maine; geology; subsidence; sea-level change

Satellite Imagery (1973-present).

Saunders, R. L. (1989). Proceedings of Canada-Norway Finfish Aquaculture Workshop, September 11-14, 1989, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, St. Andrews, New Brunswick.

Saunders, R. L. (1989 Feb 16). Salmonid mariculture in Atlantic Canada and Maine, USA. Special Session on Salmonid Aquaculture, World Aquaculture Society, Los Angeles, CA (USA), Department of Fisheries and Oceans, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, (Canada).

Scarratt, D. J. (1974). Summary of physical, biological, socio-economic and other factors relevant to potential oil spills in the Passamaquoddy Region of the Bay of Fundy. Section 4. Impact of spills and clean-up technology on living natural resources, a resource-based industry, Fish. Res. Bd Can. Tech. Rept (No. 428-4), Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

Scarratt, D. J. (1977). "Biological resources of the Bay of Fundy - Gulf of Maine system." Fundy Tidal Power and The Environment: Proceedings of a workshop on the Environmental Implications of Fundy Tidal Power held at Wolfville, Nova Scotia, November 4-5, 1976. Wolfville, Nova Scotia, The Acadia University Institute. 131.

Scarratt, D. J. (1979). Evaluation of recent data relative to potential oil spills in the Passamaquoddy area, Can. Fish. Mar. Ser. (No. 901), Department of Fisheries and Oceans Biological Station, St. Andrews.

In the latter part of 1971, proposals were announced for the construction of a marine oil terminal and refinery at Eastport, Maine, U.S.A. The site selected, in the mouth of Cobscook Bay, is approximately 2 nautical mi from the International Boundary and about 7 mi from the open Bay of Fundy. The only access for vessels larger than local fishing craft is through the Canadian waters of Head Harbour Passage.

Canadian scientists became alarmed at the prospect of large crude and product tankers plying these waters with the attendant risk of breakdown, collision or stranding with the high probability of acute oil contamination coupled with the inevitability of chronic pollution from routine spillages and refinery discharges. The area has tidal amplitudes which exceed 8 m at spring tides and currents which may exceed 6 knots, as well as tide rips and whirlpools. Fog can be extremely common, and although the area is effectively ice free, winter conditions can give rise to strong winds, reduced visibility, and vessel icing. These conditions make navigation hazardous, and the containment and cleanup of spills impossible.

The extreme tidal currents and intense turbulence of the water give the area extremely high biological productivity upon which the economic base of the area depends. Thus, an early assessment of the marine terminal project showed policy makers that important Canadian interests would be placed at risk. These included the local marine ecology, fisheries, tourism, and recreation, and the work potential of local research institutions. A dozen or so papers which comprise this report are cited individually elsewhere in the bibliography. oil spills; oil refinery; Passamaquoddy; Cobscook; Eastport; Quoddy; contaminants; pollution; economics; hydrography; oceanography; industry

Scattergood, L. W. (1949). "Notes on the marine shark fishery." Copeia 1: 69.

During 1947 and 1948, I had the opportunity to examine 18 mackerel sharks landed at Portland and Eastport, Maine. Before these fish are sold, the fishermen remove the head, fins (sometimes leaving the ventrals), viscera and the tail. Through the courtesy of Captains Willard Parker, of Grand Manan Island, New Brunswick, Canada, and Carl Baade, of Portland, Maine, 6 whole sharks were brought in so that I could identify them and ascertain what conversion factors should be used to convert the dressed or drawn fish to their original lengths and weights. Although 6 sharks comprise a rather small sample, I believe that the conversion factors of 1.6 for changing dressed weights to whole or round weights and 1.7 for converting dressed lengths to whole lengths will serve until more detailed studies of sharks are necessary. fisheries; Gulf of Maine; fish; fauna; vertebrates

Scattergood, L. W. (1959). "The herring fishery of the Northwest Atlantic." Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 121: 42.

Scattergood, L. W. and J. L. Lozier (1959). "The Herring Fishery of Maine." International Passamaquoddy Fisheries Board Report to International Joint Commission, Appendix 3; Biology; studies in biology for the Passamaquoddy Power Project. Ottawa, Ontario Washington, D.C., International Joint Commission. 28.

Scattergood, L. W. and L. J. Lozier (1964). Herring fishery of the U.S. Passamaquoddy region, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Rept - Fisheries. (No. 476), United States. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Schaeff, C. M., S. D. Kraus, et al. (1993). "Assessment of the population of western North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) based on sighting and mDNA data." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71: 339.

Schroeder, P. A. (1977). Baseline studies of the physical oceanography of Cobscook Bay, Maine, Suffolk University, Senior Thesis.

Scott, D. M. and H. D. Fisher (1958). "Incidence of a parasitic ascarid, Porrocaecum decipins, in the common porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, from the lower Bay of Fundy." Journal Fisheries Research Board of Canada 15(1): 1.

One adult Porrocaecum was found. Larval Porrocaecum in numbers ranging from 1 to 21 were found in about 25% of 50 porpoise stomachs collected in 1955 and 1956. Eighty larval Porrocaecum were present in the stomach of the white whale. No trace of reproductive organs was observed in any of the larval Porrocaecum.

It is concluded that the common porpoise in the lower Bay of Fundy is not an important host of adult P.decipiens.porpoises; parasites; Fundy; cetacea; vertebrates; fauna; marine mammals

Scott Environmental Technology, I. (1976). Air Quality Monitoring Near Eastport, Maine, Environmental Impact Statement (No. Draft Environmental Impact Statement, Proposed Issuance of Federal Permits to the Pittson Company of New York for the Construction of a 250,000 Barrel/Day Oil Refinery and Marine Terminal - Eastport Maine, Volume III, Appendices; Appendix G), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region I; Boston, Massachusetts.

Scott, J. S. (1985). "Digernean (Trematoda) populations in winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) from Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick, Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63(7): 1699.

Scott, W. B. (1983). "Fishes." Marine and coastal systems of the Quoddy region, New Brunswick. Ottawa, Department of Fisheries and Oceans. 156.

The fishes and the fisheries of Passamaquoddy Bay and adjacent waters have been investigated extensively since the early days of this century, largely because of the existence of a highly productive commercial fishery and the early establishment (about 1899) of a biological station at St. Andrews.

The comparative richness of the Quoddy fisheries has been documented for many years. According to Huntsman (1952) the Quoddy Region had the most productive fishery for the whole of the Bay of Fundy, the Charlotte County waters yielding 147 Ib/acre (The Digby waters of Nova Scotia were next with 33 Ib/acre.) The reasons advanced for such high productivity were the combination of heavy freshwater discharge, cold salt water, and strong tides for mixing.

If the fishery itself is unique, what of the fishes that make up the fishery? How does the fauna compare with other parts of Canadian Atlantic waters or even with Canadian Pacific waters? Quoddy; fisheries; Passamaquoddy; fauna; fish; vertebrates

Seeley, R. H. (1986). "Intense natural selection caused a rapid morphological transition in a living marine snail." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 6897.

Sergeant, D. E. and F. A. J. Armstrong (1973). "Mercury in seals from eastern Canada." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 30: 143.

Sergeant, D. E., A. W. Mansfield, et al. (1970). "Inshore Records of Cetacea for Eastern Canada, 1949-68." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 27: 1903.

Sewall, J. W. (1991). "Aerial photographs of Cobscook Bay Area." Jas. W. Sewall Company.

Copies may be obtained through contractor:

Jas. W. Sewall Company
147 Center Street
Old Town, ME 04468
(207) 827-4456
photos; Cobscook; Quoddy

Sharp, G. J. and D. M. Tremblay (1989). An assessment of Ascophyllum nodosum resources in the Bay of Fundy, CAFSAC Research document (No. 89/1).

Shenton, E. H. and D. B. Horton (1973). Literature review of the marine environmental data for Eastport, Maine, TRIGOM publication (No. 2A), The Research Institute of the Gulf of Maine.

Shipman, W. D. and S. Unlimited (1975). Tidal Power and Aquaculture in Cobscook Bay, A Preliminary Assessment, Maine Department Of Marine Resources, Preliminary Assessment, Maine Department Of Marine Resources.

Showell, M. A. and D. E. Gaskin (1992). "Partitioning of cadmium and lead within seston of coastal marine waters of the Western Bay of Fundy, Canada." Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 22(3): 325.

Shumway, S. E., S. Sherman-Caswell, et al. (1988). "Paralytic shellfish poisoning in Maine: Monitoring a monster." J. Shellf. Res. 7: 643.

Blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate, Protogonyaulax tamarensis, are a common, seasonal occurrence in the Gulf of Maine. Shellfish (e.g., mussels, clams, oysters, scallops) can accumulate the toxins produced by P. tamarensis rendering them vectors of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP).

Outbreaks of PSP present a problem with respect to optimal utilization of the shellfish resource as well as public safety. Magnitude of the economic losses is large, ranging from catastrophes (e.g., New England, 1972) and an estimated loss in excess of $7,000,000 in Maine in 1980 to the recurrent costs associated with the preventative shellfish monitoring programs.

Maine has established a comprehensive sampling program that has expanded over the years to accommodate the rising value of the resource (see Figure 1; Table 1) and the expansion of the species of shellfish utilized. Maine has the largest PSP monitoring/testing program in the country with approximately 3500 samples being run annually. This number, too, increases with the increasing number of areas affected.

In this paper we describe the monitoring program from its initial efforts to determine toxicity levels of shellfish to current efforts to effectively manage a resource in the presence of a potentially lethal phenomena. In addition, data are presented on detoxification studies in Placopecten magellanicus and their implications discussed. paralytic shellfish poisoning; dinoflagellates; toxins; economics; fisheries; Gulf of Maine; phytoplankton; flora

Sindermann, C. J. (1959). "Population Studies of Herring Using Parasitological and Serological Methods." International Passamaquoddy Fisheries Board Report to International Joint Commission, Appendix 3; Biology, studies in biology for the Passamaquoddy Power Project. Ottawa, Ontario; Washington, D.C., International Joint Commission. 16.

Skaling, B. and B. M. MacKinnon (1988). "The absorptive surfaces of Nectonema sp. (Nematomorpha: Nectonematoidea) from Pandalus montagui: History, ultrastructure, and absorptive capabilities of the body wall and intestine." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66(2): 289.

Smith, D. C., H. W. Borns Jr.,, et al. (1989). "Relative sea-level changes measured by historic records and structures in coastal Maine." Neotectonics in Maine. Augusta, Maine Geological Survey Bulletin 40. 127.

Smith, D. C., C. Fox, et al. (1989). "A contribution to the earthquake history of Maine." Neotectonics in Maine. Augusta, Maine Geological Survey Bulletin 40. 139.

Smith, G. J. D. and D. E. Gaskin (1974). "The diet of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena)(L.) in the coastal waters of eastern Canada with special reference to the Bay of Fundy." Canadian Journal of Zoology 52: 777.

Smith, G. J. D. and D. E. Gaskin (1983). "An environmental index for habitat utilization by female harbour porpoises with calves near Deer Island, Bay of Fundy." Ophelia 22(1): 1.

Smith, G. J. D., C. L. Jovellanos, et al. (1984). Near-surface bio-oceanographic phenomena in the Quoddy region, Bay of Fundy, Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (No. 1280), Department of Fisheries and Oceans, St. Andrews, New Brunswick.

Smith, G. J. D., A. J. Read, et al. (1983). "Incidental catch of harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena (L.), in herring weirs in Charlotte County, New Brunswick, Canada." Fish. Bull. 81: 660.

The harbor porpoise is taken accidentally by several commercial fisheries throughout the world (Mitchell 1975), including a pound net fishery in Denmark (Andersen l974) similar to the weir fishery of eastern Canada. In Canadian waters, harbor porpoises have been caught frequently in Newfoundland cod traps (Sergeant and Fisher 1957) and an unknown number are killed annually in gill nets in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Laurin 1976). In addition to the indirect catch in the Bay of Fundy, harbor porpoises have been hunted for food and oil by native people and fishing families from at least the 19th century to the present (Gilpin 1878; Leighton 1937; Prescott et al. 1981). An unknown number of animals were also used as mink food in the 1950s (Fisher and Harrison 1970).

As part of a continuing study of P. phocoena, we had the opportunity to examine 48 specimens trapped in herring weirs since 1969. Eleven were tagged or equipped with radio-telemetry packs and released (Gaskin et al. 1975). The remainder were routinely autopsied and ages of 30 specimens were estimated from dentinal growth layers (Gaskin and Blair 1977). porpoises; fisheries; herring; economics; cetacea; Fundy; Northwest Atlantic; marine mammals; vertebrates; fauna

Smith, K. A., Ed. (1959). Exploratory Herring Fishing Experiments. International Passamaquoddy Fisheries Board Report to International Joint Commission, Appendix 3, Biology, studies in biology for the Passamaquoddy Power Project. Ottawa, Ontario, Washington, D.C., International Joint Commission.

Smith, K. A. (1963). Exploratory fishing for Maine herring, Special Scientific Reports - Fisheries (No. 463), United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

Smith, R. E., R. L. Saunders, et al. (1979). Freshwater and anadromous fisheries concerns related to the proposed Eastport facilities, Can. Fish. Mar. Serv. (No. 901).

Canadian enhancement and rehabilitation plans and activities in relation to anadromous and catadromous fish populations in the Bay of Fundy Region as well as ongoing salmonid research (St. Andrews Biological Station and the Salmon Genetics Research Program at the North American Salmon Research Center) and aquaculture activities may be influenced by the proposed construction and operation of an oil-terminal/refinery complex at Eastport, Maine.

Adverse effects would most likely occur in Passamaquoddy Bay area, particularly in relation to anadromous fish populations native to the international St. Croix River system and in nearby Charlotte County rivers such as the Digdeguash, Magaguadavic and several other smaller systems.

During recent years, a considerable rehabilitation/enhancement effort has been expended on the St. Croix River system. The program is aimed primarily at the Atlantic salmon, although benefits are also anticipated in the populations of gaspereau, shad, eel, striped bass and smelt. Efforts to date have been in pollution abatement and fishway construction, together with ecological studies to assess the salmon rearing potential of the St. Croix and genetic studies in preparation for rehabilitating the river with an appropriate stock. Title of overall report: Evaluation of recent data relative to potential oil spills in the Passamaquoddy area. D.J. Scarratt, editor. Cobscook; Passamaquoddy; Quoddy; anadromous; salmon; fisheries; aquaculture; oil refinery; Eastport; vertebrates; fauna; St. Croix; industry

Snow, D. R. and J. R. Marsden (1974). "Life cycle, weight and possible age distribution in a population of Nereis virens (Sars) from New Brunswick." J. Nat. Hist.8: 513.

A population of the marine polyehaete Nereis virens at Brandy Cove, New Brunswick has been analyzed on the basis of weight distribution in monthly collections made throughout a year. Gametogenesis, spawning and larval life were also studied and information which adds to or differs from earlier accounts is reported. An age structure is postulated, involving a lifespan of up to 6 years. Suggestions are made as to the age at which sexual differentiation and spawning normally take place. These conclusions are compared with the results of a reinterpretation of an earlier study on a British population of the same species. worms; Fundy; reproduction; annelids; invertebrates; life history; fauna; benthic

South, G. P. (1976). "A checklist of marine algae of eastern Canada - First revision." J. mar. Biolo. Soc. U.K. 56: 817.

Since the appearance of the first documentation of marine algae from within the political boundaries of eastern Canada (South & Cardinal, 1970), a sufficiently large volume of new information has become available to warrant the revision presented here. Taxonomic and systematic changes, together with further additions, corrections and emendations are incorporated as far as possible. A total of 346 species, subspecies and varieties are listed, comprising 131 Rhodophyta, 127 Phaeophyta and 88 Chlorophyta. The treatment is largely restricted to macroscopic forms. Inclusion of microscopic species of Chlorophyta and representatives of other marine Phyla is planned for the future.

Recent compilations are now available, with this list, of the marine algae of Iceland (Caram & Jonsson, 1972), Denmark (Christensen & Thomsen, 1974), Britain (Parke & Dixon, 1976) and Norway (Rueness, 1976). While not all Phyla are treated for the different regions, the benthic marine Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta and Chlorophyta are now documented for a considerable portion of the North Atlantic Ocean. inventory; algae; Northwest Atlantic; flora; seaweed

Sowles, J. W., L. U. Churchill, et al. (1993). Status and future of pen culture in Maine: An environmental management perspective, Part of abstract proceedings of the Aquaculture-Environment Interaction Workshop, February 24-25, 1993, Gulf of Maine Council for the Marine Environment.

Sowles, J. W., L. U. Churchill, et al. (1994). The effect of benthic carbon loading on the degradation of bottom conditions under farm sites, In B.T. Hargrave (ed.). Modelling benthic impacts of organic enrichment from marine aquaculture. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1949.

Speel, J. (1978). The brachiopod, Terebratulina septentrionalis in Maine and its relevance to the Critical Areas Program of the Maine State Planning Office, Critical Areas Program Planning Report, Maine State Planning Office (No. 71).

Speel, J. (1978). The priapulid, (Priapulus caudatus) in Maine and its relevance to the Critical Areas Program, Critical Areas Program Planning Report, Maine State Planning Office (No. 72), Maine State Planning Office.

Squires, A. (1977). A zooplankton study in the outer portion of Cobscook Bay, Maine, Suffolk University student report?

Stafford, J. (1902). "The Clam Fishery of Passamaquoddy Bay." Contributions of Canadian Biology1901-1902.

The possibilities of our Canadian clam fishery, whether viewed as an industry offering employment to numbers of men, or viewed as a source of food supply to both maritime and inland people, have, undoubtedly, not yet been sufficiently appreciated. The importance of the clam for bait purposes in the catching of fish, has not in this country received the attention that has been given it or its relatives in some other countries. Its wide distribution, its abundance, and the readiness with which it may be procured on our coasts, as well as the high market value it commands in the New England States are considerations that are full of promise.

Numerous shell heaps on the coasts of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, sometimes more than two feet deep and occupying several acres of surface, are convincing proof that the food value of the clam was early understood by our Indians. Clams have long been handled as food and as bait in this country, in the United States and elsewhere; next to the oyster they are the most important shell-fish of the American continent; yet, until a few years ago, little of real value had been gathered respecting its habits, its mode of propagation, etc., and even at the present time there are numerous questions with regard to organization, function, food, time and manner of spawning, development, change of form and of habits in the young, rate of growth, etc., etc., which demand time, patience, trained observation, and inventive experimentation to elucidate. clams; shellfish; fisheries; molluscs; economics; ecology; Passamaquoddy; invertebrates; fauna; Quoddy; bivalves

Stafford, J. (1912). "On the fauna of the Atlantic coast." Contributions of Canadian Biology 1906/10: 69.

The second report of the Canadian Marine Biological Station (that for Canso, 1901-1902) gave a list of Porifera, Coelenterata (with the exception of the Hydroids), and Echinodermata,of St. Andrews, New Brunswick, and Canso, Nova Scotia. The present report is a continuation and embraces lists of the Hydroids, Polyzoa, Brachiopoda,and Mollusca from all five localities occupied by the station up to the present time,'viz.: St. Andrews, New Brunswick; Canso, Nova Scotia; Malpeque, Prince Edward Island; Gaspe, Presque Isle; and Seven Islands, Presque Isle.

Such lists of themselves are more or less unreadable or uninteresting, and besides give but little indication of the labour of collecting and identifying the species. Much could be said about the size, shape, colour, organs, activities, variations, reproduction, habitat, distribution, or other attributes of each. But with every change of locality of the station new forms and new features have arisen, so that the subject has been continually growing and contributing a clearer perspective of its contents as well as indicating the direction of future work. In the meantime these lists will preserve, in briefest form, much information that, through accident to specimens or notes, might otherwise be lost. Since leaving Canso it has seemed advisable to give special accounts of the faunas of the localities visited and to continue the more comparative work on phyla in a separate series.

Irrespective of the Hudson Bay regions, we may consider the study of our Atlantic fauna to have originated at three different centres.

(1) New England zoological pioneers crept up along the shores of the great Gulf of Maine to Grand Manan and reached out along the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia for 'curios' brought back by the hazardous expeditions of Gloucester fishing fleets to Lahave, Sable Island, Banquereau, and the Grand Banks. Foremost of these were Stimpson and Verrill, whose works were afterwards supplemented by those of Nova Scotian and New Brunswick naturalists such as Willis and Ganong. (2) Naturalists from our great inland institutions wandered down the River St. Lawrence and spread over a considerable area of the gulf with Gaspe as the centre. Of these Dawson, familiarized in his youth with the rocks, weeds, and animals of the seashore at Pictou in the Acadian gulf, besides contributing most valuable papers of his own, inspired students of McGill University and the Montreal Natural History Society, his influence spreading through Bell, Whiteaves, Lambe and others to various parts of the Dominion. (3) We are again indebted to the United States naturalists Packard, Verrill, Stearns, &c., who may be regarded as having made the bleak coast of southern Labrador their centre. fauna; Northwest Atlantic; inventory; invertebrates

Stasko, A. B. and S. A. Rommel (1974). "Swimming depth of adult American eels (Anguilla rostrata) in a saltwater bay as determined by ultrasonic tracking." Journal of Fisheries Board of Canada 31(6): 1148.

Steele, D. (1983). "Coarse sedimentary shores." Marine and coastal systems of the Quoddy region, New Brunswick. Ottawa, Department of Fisheries and Oceans. 74.

When bedrock is exposed above the surface of the ocean it is immediately subject to erosion. The most important agents are the waves that wear away the rock and hurl loose fragments at the surface, grinding it away. Weak points in the rock structure are worked on and the more resistant sections that then lack support tumble down. The rate of erosion is therefore determined by the amount of wave energy at work on the rock and by the hardness of the rock itself.

The Quoddy Region is not normally subject to high wave energies, as the winds are not usually strong (mean velocity in the windiest month is only 20 km/h compared, for example, to 31 km/h in the Magdalen Islands). Also, the maximum fetch for most wind directions is limited. Campobello and Deer islands shield Passamaquoddy Bay from the Bay of Fundy, and the Grand Manan archipelago partially screens the eastern shore of Campobello Island. Only on the outer coasts of these islands and on the eastern shore of the mainland is the coast not sheltered. Here the maximum fetch varies from 120 to 400 km but the exposure is easterly, whereas the prevailing winds are from the west. Thus, high-energy shores with a potential for rapid erosion do not occur in the Quoddy Region.

In addition, the bedrock consists of old hard rocks that are not easily eroded. These are mainly Devonian and Silurian sedimentary and volcanic rocks, but granite occurs just to the north of the region and outcrops along the coast in the eastern portion of the region (Cumming 1967). During the Pleistocene, the Quoddy Region was traversed by glaciers and is now mantled by glacial and fluvioglacial deposits. In contrast to the bedrock, these unconsolidated deposits erode readily and supply a rich source of sedimentary material for the beaches. geology; Quoddy; sediments; bedrock; rocky

Steele, D. H. (1963). "Pollock (Pollachius virens L.) in the Bay of Fundy." Journal Fisheries Research Board of Canada 20(5): 1267.

Stevens, G. R. (1977). "Geology and tectonic framework of the Bay of Fundy - Gulf of Maine region." Fundy Tidal Power and The Environment: Proceedings of a workshop on the Environmental Implications of Fundy Tidal Power held at Wolfville, Nova Scotia, November 4-5, 1976. Wolfville, Nova Scotia, The Acadia University Institute. 82.

Understanding of the regional geology and tectonic evaluation of the Bay of Fundy system is a vital part of any tidal power development study. Initial planning and decisions should be guided by these perspectives, and actual construction at any particular site must be preceded by detailed and complete geological engineering studies. In view of the unusual tectonic framework of the Fundy region, careful monitoring by geodetic and geophysical means are called for before, during, and long after actual construction.

The present paper provides a broad overview of the regional geology, geophysics, and tectonic history of the Bay of Fundy region. It also considers the present tectonic-seismic regime of Nova Scotia in terms of suitability for the major engineering works of tidal power development. A more detailed analysis of potential seismic effects of barrage construction is provided by Beaumont and Quinlan (this volume, p. 262). geology; tidal power; Fundy; seismicity

Stimpson, W. (1851). Revision of the synonymy of the testaceous mollusks of New England.

Stimpson, W. (1853). Synopsis of the marine invertebrata of Grand Manan: or the region about the mouth of the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick, Smithsonian contributions to knowledge. (No. 6(5)), Smithsonian Institution.

No abstract available. invertebrates; fauna; inventory; Grand Manan; Quoddy

Stobo, W. T. and T. D. Iles (1973). Larval herring distribution in the Bay of Fundy (No. 73/93), International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Research Document.

Coverage of the area was insufficient both spatially and temporally to determine larval distribution throughout the Bay of Fundy and its approaches and thus to test the hypothesis thoroughly. In particular, late or post winter sampling had not been carried out to determine post-winter distribution. In view of the large tidal fluctuations and currents in the area, dispersion throughout and transport out of the Bay of Fundy might be extensive over the winter.

A program of larval surveys in the area has been designed to give more complete spatial and temporal coverage and preliminary results of two of these are presented here. Tracks through Passamaquoddy Bay and Grand Manan region. Fundy; Grand Manan; herring; fisheries; reproduction; distribution; vertebrates; fauna

Stone, G. S., S. D. Kraus, et al. (1988). "Significant aggregations of the endangered right whale, Eubalaena glacialis, on the continental shelf of Nova Scotia." Can. Field Nat. 102(3): 471.

Stone, R., E. Hehre, et al. (1970). "A preliminary checklist of the marine algae of Campobello Island, New Brunswick." Rhodora 73: 313.

Although several investigators have reported on the benthonic marine algae of the Bay of Fundy-Passamaquoddy region of New Brunswick, Canada, none except Edelstein, Chen and McLachlan (1970) have made detailed seasonal investigations and few have interpreted the observed distributional patterns. The present paper summarizes three years of observations and collections on the benthonic marine algae of Campobello Island, New Brunswick, which is in southern portion of the Bay of Fundy. inventory; algae; Campobello; Fundy; distribution; flora; seaweed

Surgens, B. A. (1978). Observations of three parameters: temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen in Cobscook Bay, Maine, Suffolk University Student Report, Suffolk University.

Sutterlin, A. M., E. B. Henderson, et al. (1981). Salmonid rearing trials at Deer Island, New Brunswick with some projections on economic viability, Can. Tech. Rept. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (No. 1011).

Sutterlin, A. M. and S. Waddy (1975). Harvesting, processing, and composition of sea cucumber meal as a possible substitution for herring meal in trout diets, Can. Fish. Mar. Ser. Tech. Rept. (No. 531), Canada. Fisheries and Marine Service. Research and Development Directorate.

Swetnam, A. B. and H. G. Bernard (1979). Diadromous fish landing in Charlotte County, New Brunswick and the Bay of Fundy 1970-78, Can. Fish. Mar. Serv. (No. 901).

Diadromous fisheries management has been dominated by the ban on commercial salmon fisheries which has been in effect since 1972. This was imposed in an attempt to reduce fishing pressure on the stocks to allow them to recover from the effects of heavy fishing and habitat deterioration. Not all rivers were closed, and salmon are still allowed to be landed as a legal bycatch in other fisheries where the occasional taking of salmon is unavoidable. Commercial landings of salmon are presented in Table 1 and angling statistics in Table 2. In the angling data for New Brunswick rivers black salmon (kelts) are included in the salmon and grilse totals. Landings of other diadromous species are presented in Table 3. Title of overall report: Evaluation of recent data relative to potential oil spills in the Passamaquoddy area. D.J. Scarratt, editor. Fundy; salmon; fisheries; anadromous; distribution; recreation; tourism; fauna

Tattersall, W. M. (1939). "The Mysidacea of Eastern Canadian Waters." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 4(4): 281.

Thomas, M. L. H. (1977). "Intertidal resources of the Bay of Fundy." Fundy Tidal Power and The Environment: Proceedings of a workshop on the Environmental Implications of Fundy Tidal Power held at Wolfville, Nova Scotia, November 4-5, 1976. Wolfville, Nova Scotia, The Acadia University Institute. 148.

Thomas, M. L. H., Ed. (1983). Marine and coastal systems of the Quoddy Region, New Brunswick. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. Ottawa, Ontario (Canada)., Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Sci. Inf. Publ. Br.

Thomas, M. L. H. (1983). "Meteorology." Marine and coastal systems of the Quoddy region, New Brunswick. Ottawa, Department of Fisheries and Oceans. 5.

The climate of the Quoddy Region is generally similar to that of the Bay of Fundy as a whole, as it results from meteorological conditions affecting much of the Maritimes and Maine. However, there are certain local effects which modify this general pattern.

There are two general air masses which govern the weather of the region: the continental air mass moving from the west and the Atlantic air mass moving in from over the ocean. These two air masses are very different in character and thus there is often a comparatively wide range in temperatures, humidities, winds, etc. from day to day and season to season. Fog occurs frequently in spring and summer and results in cooler temperatures over and near open water than inland. However, winter temperatures are milder in the bay and along the coast. The variable weather can result in large daily temperature ranges. In winter these occasionally exceed 20° C.

Spring is usually characterized by cool but changeable weather, often with a sudden transition to summer conditions. Early fall, however, is normally very settled and pleasant, with a comparatively gradual transition to winter. Snow normally starts in October or November, becomes more frequent from December to March and then declines. Frost is general from December to April, although there are brief periods with temperatures well above freezing.

As a consequence of the large tidal range and intense mixing there is negligible formation of sea ice, except in the deep bays and estuaries. Most shipboard activities are possible throughout the year. Shores ice up in intense cold but usually clear on the next tide. Shorelines and their communities such as salt marshes, headlands, etc. are usually frozen and snow-covered from January to March. In very sheltered locations, sampling from the ice is possible. meteorology; climate; Fundy; Quoddy; temperature

Thomas, M. L. H. (1983). "Salt marsh systems." Marine and coastal systems of the Quoddy region, New Brunswick. Ottawa, Department of Fisheries and Oceans. 107.

Salt marshes are not well represented in the Quoddy Region, as most bays and estuaries have shores with relatively steep profiles which are not conducive to marsh formation. However, the Bay of Fundy area as a whole, as shown in Fig. 1 has extensive areas of extremely well developed and interesting salt marshes. Some are quite close to the Quoddy Region, such as the ones at Dipper Harbour and Musquash just southwest of Saint John. Within the Quoddy Region itself there are several small but well-developed salt marshes (for instance near St. George and on Campobello Island) and, in addition, most sedimentary shores have a narrow fringe of salt marsh species at about high-water mark.

Salt marshes have been extensively studied around the world, as shown by a number of comprehensive reviews of their structure and functioning (Chapman 1964, 1977; Ranwell 1972; Teal and Teal 1969). This attention has resulted partly from their wide occurrence and great ecological importance but also because they are one of the most readily studied marine systems. Being on shore and high in the intertidal zone they are inaccessible for only a few hours a day.

Good basic information and ready access are the main requirements for field teaching sites. This fact, combined with the local importance of salt marshes, dictates their inclusion in this book. Fundy; Quoddy; salt marsh; intertidal; ecology; estuarine; flora; fauna; productivity; wetlands

Thomas, M. L. H. (1983). "Tide pool systems." Marine and coastal systems of the Quoddy region, New Brunswick. Ottawa, Department of Fisheries and Oceans. 95.

Chapter four of this book covers the rocky intertidal community and it may be considered that rock pools should have been included therein. However, detailed study has shown that tide pools are a completely separate system from that of the rocky shore. Rock pools have different physical, chemical, and biotic structures and functions which make them unique. They form a sort of intermediate situation between the coastal sea and the well-drained intertidal zone, and thus give insights into factors controlling the structure and function of these two bordering systems. For instance, they show the importance of the desiccation factor on the open shore: they are also ideal for observing pH and buffering phenomena, as well as all types of diel and annual changes in environmental parameters and environmental and biological interactions in coastal waters.....

Although there is a wealth of information on seashores, there is a paucity of information on tidal pools, particularly their functional aspects. There are no texts on pools and those on shores in general (Amos 1966; Carefoot 1977; Clayton 1974; Lewis 1964; Southward 1966; Stephenson and Stephenson 1972; Yonge 1949) provide little critical information about tidal pools. This undoubtedly results from the scarcity of scientific papers on tidal pools. This material has been most recently summarized by Ganning (1971) and includes only two studies of the Bay of Fundy region, those of Klugh (1924) and Bell (1927). Both studied a series of tide pools in front of the Biological Station St. Andrews, in an area now virtually obliterated by wharf and slip construction. Other regional studies are those of Williams and Williams (1976) on pools on the St. Lawrence northshore, Johnson and Skutch (1928) on pools in Maine, Sze (1980) on macrophytic algae at the Isles of Shoals, and Lubchenco (1978) on plant species diversity in tide pools in New England and on the Bay of Fundy. Fundy; Quoddy; intertidal; tide pools; ecology; flora; fauna; rocky

Thomas, M. L. H., D. C. Arnold, et al. (1983). "Rocky intertidal communities." Marine and coastal systems of the Quoddy region, New Brunswick. Ottawa, Department of Fisheries and Oceans. 35.

Among the marine communities, those occurring on rocky intertidal shores probably receive the most attention. They are easily accessible from the land, well drained, and offer a great diversity and abundance of biota. From a teaching point of view the advantage of accessibility is augmented by the wealth of life available, which demonstrates a great variety of taxonomic, morphological, physiological, and ecologial principles and processes. They are prime collecting grounds for laboratory work on both fauna and flora.

However, despite this concentration of attention at a fairly elementary level, the ecosystem is not well understood. It seems that specific adaptations may be rather obvious but that the factors governing the structure and function of the whole system are complex and often unknown. This may partly explain the relatively low level of scientific research on rocky shores on the east coast of Canada. For the Quoddy area, despite the presence of a federal government research laboratory, an independent research laboratory, and a university, there are less than half a dozen published studies on the intertidal zone. The level of effort has expanded greatly in recent years, largely owing to the need to gather scientific information on the possible harmful effects of shoreline energy-related projects and proposals. Those of importance have been the Passamaquoddy Bay Tidal Power Proposal (Anon 1959), the Colson Cove Thermal Electric Generating Plant at Lorneville (Anon 1973a), the Eastport, Maine, Oil Refinery Proposal (Anon 1976) and the Fundy Tidal Power Proposals (Anon 1977a). Unfortunately, few of these projects have yielded published reports.

With this paucity of information, it is therefore fortunate that the intertidal zone has many universal features on a world-wide basis (Stephenson and Stephenson 1949, 1972: Lewis 1964: Southward 1966) so that studies elsewhere are applicable here. However, Bay of Fundy shores are unique in many respects. The very large tidal range results in an unusually wide and important intertidal zone. Of the total coastline of 2745 km in the bay there are 1052 km² of intertidal zone (Thomas 1977)--a relatively huge area.

The lengths of various types of shoreline in the Canadian Quoddy Region have been tabulated by Thomas (1973) and are shown in Table 1. As the table shows, the dominant shoreline type is material ranging from broken rock to sand. Probably half of this distance consists of stable shores of large rock fragments and supports a rocky shore community. This, together with 35.2% of bedrock shores, shows that about half the shoreline is rocky intertidal. Thus there is a large area available for study. It should be emphasized that this table gives lengths of shoreline: aerial relationships would show different proportions.

This chapter includes a general description and discussion of this rocky intertidal community, appropriate study methods, and detailed descriptions of a variety of specific locations. The ecosystem described will be only that of the well-drained shore. The ecology of pools on rocky shores in markedly different and will be the subject of a separate chapter (Chapter 6). Fundy; Quoddy; intertidal; ecology; habitats; flora; fauna; seaweed; algae; rocky

Thomas, M. L. H. and F. H. Page (1983). "Grazing by the gastropod, Lacuna vincta, in the lower intertidal area at Musquash Head New Brunswick, Canada." J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K.63(3): 725.

Both snail and egg mass distributions were correlated with the percentage cover of F. edentatus, reaching a maximum at 40-75 cm above mean low tide level.

The snails ranged in length from 2-7 mm, consisting of three cohorts from different larval settlements. Growth was rapid in July averaging 0.6 mm/month slowing later.

The food plant Fucus edentatus showed a heavy impact of the herbivore. Weight reductions attributable to grazing rose from 56% in June to 79% in August and grazed plants tended to thicken rather than elongate with growth. Grazing removed about 79% of the net production of F. edentatus which averaged 61 g dry wt/m²/day. The impact of the L. vincta population on F. edentatus seems extraordinarily severe. molluscs; snails; growth rate; reproduction; feeding; seaweed; Fundy; invertebrates; algae; flora; fauna; population; gastropods

Thomas, M. L. H., J. A. Stevens, et al. (1990). Shallow marine, littoral and terrestrial associations of Pendleton Island, New Brunswick, Publ. Sci. NAT. New Brunswick Museum (No. 9), New Brunswick Museum, Saint John, New Brunswick, (Canada).

Thompson, W. B., K. J. Crossen, et al. (1989). "Glaciomarine deltas of Maine and their relation to Late Pleistocene-Holocene crustal movements." Neotectonics in Maine. Augusta, Maine Geological Survey Bulletin 40. 43.

The elevations of the contacts between the topset and foreset beds of 65 deltas in Maine and New Brunswick were measured in order to locate the positions of sea level to which the deltas were graded. These elevations were plotted and contoured to determine whether the late-glacial crustal uplift pattern has been modified appreciably by Holocene crustal movements. The elevation data for southwestern Maine indicate a minimum postglacial tilt of 2.82 ft/mi (0.53 m/km) in the central Kennebec Valley region, with higher elevations to the northwest. Deltas in eastern coastal Maine have anomalously low elevations relative to those in adjacent parts of Maine and New Brunswick. The delta elevations in the eastern region may have resulted from variations in the glacio-isostatic tilt direction across Maine and/or lowering of relative sea level by crustal uplift as the deltas were deposited. Alternatively, these elevations may define a zone of Holocene crustal subsidence with maximum relative downwarp (at least 40 ft) in the Machias-Eastport area. Contouring of delta elevations also revealed variation in the spacing of the contours between central Maine and the southern extremity of the state. This variation probably resulted from regional differences in the history of late-glacial sea-level change and/or crustal uplift in response to deglaciation. geology; Gulf of Maine; sea-level change; subsidence; glaciation

Tibbo, S. N. (1965). Effect of light on movements of herring in the Bay of Fundy, Intern. Comm.. Northw. Atl. Fish. Spec. Publ. (No. 6).

Tibbo, S. N. and V. M. Brawn (1960). "Explorations for herring in the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 17(5): 735.

The program included fishing experiments with bottom and pelagic trawls, with baited long-lines ("line trawls"), and with gill nets. Sonic-sounder surveys were made weekly in Passamaquoddy Bay during the summer and early autumn of 1958 and frequently but irregularly in other areas and seasons. Passamaquoddy; Gulf of Maine; herring; fisheries; distribution; vertebrates; fauna; Quoddy

Tibbo, S. N. and R. D. Humphreys (1966). "An occurence of Capelin (Mallotus villosus) in the Bay of Fundy." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 23(3): 463.

Tibbo, S. N. and J. E. H. Legare (1960). "Further study of larval herring (Clupea harengus L.) in the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 17(6): 933.

Tibbo, S. N., J. E. H. Legare, et al. (1958). "On occurence and distribution of larval herring (Clupea harengus L.) in the Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of Maine." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 15(6): 1451.

Timson, B. S. (1976). "Coastal Marine Geologic Environments for the Maine Coast." Augusta.

Todd, C. S. (1979). The ecology of the bald eagle in Maine, M.S. Thesis in Wildlife Management, University of Maine.

The breeding population is dispersed but locally high densities occur in coastal Maine. Most nests are near marine habitats (49%) or freshwater lakes (32%). The majority (88%) are in predominant trees, mostly (73%) eastern white pine (Pinus strobus).

Sixty-two of 99 known breeding sites were occupied in 1978. The 1977-78 productivity averaged 0.60 fledglings/occupied site. Greater production was evident at successful sites, but nesting success has not increased. Forty-nine percent of the resident pairs exhibited complete reproductive failure from 1972 to 1978. Only 36% were successful in at least 50% of their nesting attempts during this period.

Productivity was highest in eastern Maine which supports 84% of the known breeding population. Population declines in western Maine correspond to depressed production. Statewide productivity is below minimal rates estimated for population stability.

Fourteen contaminants have been detected in bald eagle eggs and carcasses from Maine. DDE, DDD, dieldrin, PCB's and mercury were in all samples. Only DDD, DDT and dieldrin residues in eggs declined during 1967-78. Contaminant levels were higher in unhatched eggs from western Maine and unsuccessful nests than from eastern Maine and successful sites. Mean eggshell thickness was 0.53 mm, 13% below the pre-1946 norm.

Midwinter surveys indicated a minimum of 116 eagles in 1977 and 109 in 1978. Age composition averaged 83% adults and 17% immatures. Low subadult proportions resulted from survey bias, low productivity of eagles breeding in Maine and possible age-dependent migration. Wintering adults were often associated with nest sites suggesting year-round residency. Wintering eagles resided primarily in marine (52%) and estuarine (31%) habitats. Sixty-seven percent were in coastal regions of eastern Maine. Midwinter populations in 4 primary wintering areas of mid- and eastern-coastal Maine averaged 43% of the state total. Undeveloped shorelines near open water were favored.

Fish, primarily bottom-dwelling species, constitute 95% of the diet at inland breeding sites. Wintering and coastal-breeding eagles occupy higher trophic levels. Birds, particularly black ducks (Anas rubripes) and gulls (Larus spp.) are utilized more as food.

Environmental contaminants found in Maine bald eagles and eggs were also detected in potential foods sampled in the state. Limited data indicate DDE residues declined in 4 food groups during 1966-76. Trends in PCB contamination are uncertain but are apparently stable or increasing. In addition, high mercury levels were found in several waterfowl species from major bald eagle wintering areas. eagles; birds; reproduction; distribution; population; Gulf of Maine; contaminants; feeding; toxins; vertebrates; fauna; ecology; pollution; habitats

Todd, C. S. and R. B. J. Owen (1979). The ecology of the bald eagle in Maine, Unpublished Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife (No. Jobs 240-245).

Todd, C. S., L. S. Young, et al. (1982). "Food habits of bald eagles in Maine." J. Wildl. Manag.46: 636.

Tolson, J. P. and C. J. Klein, et al. (1985). National Estuarine Inventory Data Atlas. Volume 1: Physical and Hydrographic Characteristics, NOAA/NOS Ocean Assessments Division.

Tremblay, M. J. and M. Sinclair (1989). Inshore-offshore differences in the distribution of sea scallop larvae: Implications for recruitment (Abs). ICES Symp. on Ecology and Management Aspects of Extensive Mariculture, Nantes (France), Biol. Sci. Branch, Dep. Fish. and Oceans, P.O. Box 550, Halifax, N.S.

Tremblay, M. J. and M. Sinclair (1990). "Diel vertical migration of sea scallop larvae Placopecten magellanicus in a shallow embayment." Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 67(1): 19.

Trites, R. W. (1959). "Probable effects of proposed Passamaquoddy Power Project on oceanographic conditions." Report to International Joint Commission; Appendix 1. Oceanography; studies in physical oceanography for the Passamaquoddy power project. Ottawa, Ontario: Washington, D.C.

Trites, R. W. (1961). "Probable effects of proposed Passamaquoddy power project on oceanographic conditions." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 18(2): 163.

Trites, R. W. (1962). "Temperature and salinity in the Quoddy region of the Bay of Fundy." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 19(5): 975.

In addition to the above-mentioned cruises, surveys were made in the Saint Croix and Magaguadavic estuaries in the spring and summer of 1958. Surface salinity samples were taken twice daily at the wharf of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological Station. St. Andrews, New Brunswick from December 4, 1957, until December 31, 1958. Surface temperatures have been taken there daily since 1921. Prince Sta. 5 and 6 which correspond with Sta. QP-2 and QP-8 respectively have been occupied monthly for approximately 40 years.

Many other temperature and salinity observations were made during 1957 and 1958 in conjunction with current measurements, drift bottle releases, and herring taggings. The above-mentioned data, combined with the results of observations from numerous surveys of the Quoddy Region over the past 50 years, formed the basis of a manuscript report (Forgeron, MS. 1959). The purpose of this report was to present the temporal and spatial distributions of temperature and salinity, and to infer and evaluate, where possible, the residual flow, flushing time, and controlling oceanographic factors.

In spring and summer, water temperature throughout the Quoddy Region decreases seaward with the maximum temperature of the column found at the surface. In autumn and winter the temperature in general increases seaward with the minimum temperature of the column found at the surface (Fig. 2).

The annual temperature curves in the Inner and Outer Quoddy Regions are Sinusoidal with an average surface range of 13 and 10 C° and a bottom range of 11 and 9 C° , respectively. Temperatures in the Quoddy Region generally reach a maximum in late August or early September and a minimum in late February or early March. In 1957 and 1958 the maximum and minimum monthly mean temperatures recorded for the region were 15.9 and -0.6° C, respectively.

Pyroheliometer records of insolation were collected from April 1957 through December 1958 as part of a heat budget study. A notable feature was the markedly higher solar radiation received during the recorded period of 1957 as compared with a similar period in 1958, while the corresponding water temperatures were lower. In addition the water temperatures followed air temperatures more closely than solar insolation. The dissimilarity between curves of water and air temperatures, and that of solar insolation, suggests that the air masses moving through the area are more important in producing abnormal water temperatures than is the local solar radiation.

Salinity in the Quoddy Region increases seaward throughout the year. The average ranges of surface and bottom salinities for Sta. QP-8 in the Inner Quoddy Region were 5.7 and 1.5o/oo, respectively. In the Outer Quoddy Region, at Sta. QP-2, the average annual salinity range at the surface was 1.4o/oo, and at the bottom, 0.9o/oo. Salinities in the Quoddy Region generally reach a maximum in October and a minimum in April or May. The maximum and minimum salinities recorded in the Inner Quoddy Region in 1957 and 1958 at QP stations were 32.78 and 21.91o/oo. In the Outer Quoddy Region the maximum and minimum values recorded were 33.08 and 26.52o/oo. The ranges of salinities observed in the Quoddy Region in 1957 and 1958 are probably as extreme as are likely to be found because 1957 was a relatively "dry" year and 1958 a relatively wet year in terms of fresh water discharged from the rivers.

The difference in temperature between high water and low water varied from near zero in the Outer Quoddy Region to about 0.5 C° in Passamaquoddy Bay. Average salinity differences varied from zero in the Outer Quoddy Region to about 3o/oo near the heads of estuaries. Generally between April and October there is an inverse correlation between salinity and temperature changes from high water to low water. For the remainder of the year the temperature and salinity changes occur in the same sense. Throughout the year the lowest salinity over a tidal cycle occurs near low water.

The strong tidal currents create vigorous mixing and provide rapid flushing of the region. Flushing times computed on the basis of the tidal prism and fresh water discharge were found to vary from 8 to 17 days in Passamaquoddy Bay. In the Magaguadavic. and St. Croix estuaries flushing times were 2 and 6 to 7 days respectively.

Significant differences in temperature and salinity between Western and Letite Passages were observed on a seasonal basis. If the mixing processes are similar in both passages it is concluded that residual flow is variable both in direction and magnitude from season-to-season. The wind pattern varies seasonally. It is believed that this contributes significantly in determining the non-tidal surface circulation in the Inner Quoddy Region. Passamaquoddy; Quoddy; tides; oceanography; ecology; hydrography; temperature; salinity

Trites, R. W. (1979). Comments on flushing time for Passamaquoddy Bay and wind-generated waves in the Quoddy region, Can. Fish. Mar. Serv. (No. 901).

Title of overall report: Evaluation of recent data relative to potential oil spills in the Passamaquoddy area. D.J. Scarratt, editor. tides; Passamaquoddy; Cobscook; Quoddy; oceanography; hydrography; circulation; currents

Trites, R. W. and C. J. Garrett (1959). "Flow of water in the passages of Passamaquoddy Bay measured by the electromagnetic method." Report to International Joint Commission; Appendix 1. Oceanography; studies in physical oceanography for the Passamaquoddy power project. Ottawa, Ontario: Washington, D.C. 27.

Trites, R. W. and C. J. Garrett (1983). "Physical Oceanography of the Quoddy Region." Marine and coastal systems of the Quoddy region, New Brunswick. Ottawa, Department of Fisheries and Oceans. 9.

Perhaps the single most striking oceanographic attribute of the Quoddy Region (Fig. 1) is the large tide. The visual impact from the shore is most striking, and the first impression of a town like St. Andrews may vary, depending on whether one arrives at high water or low water. In fact, if one were arriving by water aboard a ship of any great size, the arrival time would have to be timed to coincide with high water to permit docking. One can thus immediately appreciate that the tides play an important and direct role in determining man's activities in the area. The tide also plays an important but indirect role through its effect on living marine resources, and through effects on local climate and weather. Indeed, the Quoddy Region provides a small-scale demonstration of man's use of the oceans. It sustains a valuable fishery, both commercial and recreational, which creates problems of resource management. It provides port facilities and has been suggested as a site for an oil refiner and a supertanker terminal. The basins of Passamaquoddy and Cobscook bays have bene proposed for tidal power development. The St. Croix Estuary receives the effluent from the pulp mill at Woodland, as well as from the human settlements on its shores. The area attracts many tourists and has served since the early 1900s as a base for research into fisheries and oceanography. All of these present and potential uses depend on, or are influenced by, the oceanographic conditions of the region. These conditions need to be understood to permit wise management, as well as for their intrinsic interest.

From a physical oceanographic point of view, the area is diverse and interesting. The St. Croix Estuary in particular shows the competing effects of fresh water discharge and the mixing associated with strong tidal currents. There are major seasonal and inter-annual variations in the water properties. For the student, the St. Croix Estuary provides a natural laboratory for the investigation of many of the physical processes that occur throughout the world's oceans.

This chapter summarizes briefly what is known about the physical oceanography, and suggests projects which could provide some interesting insights. oceanography; tides; Quoddy; hydrography

Turnbull, P. (1977). International shorebird survey census conducted at Lubec, Maine, Unpublished data. Manomet Bird Observatory, Manomet, MA.

Tyler, A. V. (1970). "Rates of gastric emptying in young cod." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 27(7): 1177.

Tyler, A. V. (1971). Monthly changes in stomach contents of demersal fishes in Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick, Fish. Res. Bd. Can. Tech. Rept. (No. 288), Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

Tyler, A. V. (1971). "Periodic and resident components in communities of Atlantic fishes." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 28: 935.

Tyler, A. V. (1971). "Surges in winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, into the intertidal zone." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 28(11): 1727.

Tyler, A. V. (1972). "Food resource division among northern, marine, demersal fishes." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 29(7): 997.

The seasonal predators did not feed as a group on their own set of prey species. Most principal prey species of the seasonal predators were taken simultaneously by one or two of the regulars.

Data were compared with published results from two other northern marine areas. Within Irish Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, and also Passamaquoddy winter and summer communities, only 10-24% of the possible recurrences of principal prey among predators actually occurred, i.e. there was relatively little overlap among diets. Such specialization would have adaptive significance in a food-limited production system. fish; feeding; Passamaquoddy; Quoddy; Northwest Atlantic; vertebrates; fauna; predation; ecology

Tyler, A. V. and R. S. Dunn (1976). "Ration, growth, and measures of somatic and organ condition in relation to meal frequency in winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, with hypotheses regarding population homeostasis." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 33(1): 63.

Maintenance ration was 7.9 kcal/g per day. Weight loss on starvation was equivalent to 2.14-2.35 kcal/g per day. Gross conversion efficiency ranged from 1 to 16%, and was positively correlated with ration. Net conversion efficiency averages 24.3% and was not related to ration.

Positive correlations were found between mean calories consumed per day and condition, liver weight, percent fat in the liver, percent of fish with yolk-bearing ovaries, ovary weight, and percent of ovarian follicles with yolk. The decrease in proportion of yolked oocytes with decrease in ration was not due to increased follicular atresia, but to a decrease in number of oocytes starting vitellogenesis.

Comparisons with flounders sampled directly from Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick showed that the negative correlation between condition index and percentage of oocytes not in vitellogenesis was the same for Bay and laboratory fish, the range of response being greater in the laboratory fish. The existence of this relationship was interpreted as evidence that some flounders within the Bay were not getting all the food they could use. In the face of food scarcity, the winter flounder's adaptive reproductive strategy seems to be to sacrifice egg production and maintain body weight, and so when a good year comes its body will be large and able to carry a larger ovary. fish; flounder; feeding; growth rate; reproduction; Passamaquoddy; Quoddy; vertebrates; fauna

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1964). The International Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Project and Upper St. John River Hydroelectric Power Development, Engineering Report (Supplement), New England Division, Waltham, MA.

No abstract available. Passamaquoddy; hydropower; St. John; tidal power; Quoddy; Fundy

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1968). Report on the Cross-section and Sampling Survey, St. Croix River, Maine-New Brunswick, New England Division, Waltham, MA.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1973). Interim Report, Atlantic Coast Deep Water Port Facilities Study, Eastport, Maine to Hampton Roads, Virginia, Interim Report, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, North Atlantic Division, Philadelphia District, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1974). Report on Navigable Status, Penamaquan River, Maine Eastern Coastal Area, New England Division, Waltham, MA, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1974). Report on Navigable Status, St. Croix River, St. Croix River Basin, Maine, New England Division, Waltham, MA.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1978). Public Information Brochure Prepared for Public Meetings for the Tidal Power Study, Cobscook Bay, Maine, U.S.A., Public Information Brochure, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New England Division.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1979). Tidal Power Study in Cobscook Bay, Maine, Preliminary Report on the Economic Analysis of the Project, Preliminary Report, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New England Division.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1980). Cobscook Bay Tidal Power Project Water Quality Report, Environmental Appendix, In: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; Investigation of Tidal Power, Cobscook Bay, Maine, Environmental Appendix; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New England Division, Waltham, Mass.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1980). Investigation of Tidal Power, Cobscook Bay, Maine, Investigation, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New England Division; Waltham, MA.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1980). Investigation of Tidal Power, Cobscook Bay, Maine, Environmental Appendix, Investigation, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New England Division.

U.S. Department of Commerce (1976). NOAA-NOS Coast Pilot: Eastport to Boston, National Oceanic and Atmosheric Administration, Rockville, MD.

U.S. Department of the Interior (1965). Report to President Lyndon B. Johnson: the Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Project and the Upper St. John River Hydroelectric Development, U.S. Department of Interior, Washington, D.C.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1976). Draft Environmental Impact Statement, Proposed Issuance of Federal Permits to the Pittston Company of New York for the Construction of a 250,000 Barrel/Day Oil Refinery and Marine Terminal - Eastport, Maine, Volume I, Executive Summary, Environmental Impact Statement, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region I, Boston, Massachusetts.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1976). Draft Environmental Impact Statement, Proposed Issuance of Federal Permits to the Pittston Company of New York for the Construction of a 250,000 Barrel/Day Oil Refinery and Marine Terminal - Eastport, Maine, Volume II, Environmental Impact Statement, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region I, Boston, Massachusetts.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1976). Draft Environmental Impact Statement, Proposed Issuance of Federal Permits to the Pittston Company of New York for the Construction of a 250,000 Barrel/Day Oil Refinery and Marine Terminal - Eastport, Maine, Volume III, Appendices, Environmental Impact Statement, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region I, Boston, Massachusetts.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1978). Final Environmental Impact Statement, Proposed Issuance of Federal Permits to the Pittston Company of New York for the Construction of a 250,000 Barrel/Day Oil Refinery and Marine Terminal - Eastport, Maine, Volume I, Executive Summary, Environmental Impact Statement, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region I, Boston, Massachusetts.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1978). Final Environmental Impact Statement, Proposed Issuance of Federal Permits to the Pittston Company of New York for the Construction of a 250,000 Barrel/Day Oil Refinery and Marine Terminal - Eastport, Maine, Volume II, Main Text, Environmental Impact Statement, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region I; Boston, Massachusetts.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1978). Final Environmental Impact Statement, Proposed Issuance of Federal Permits to the Pittston Company of New York for the Construction of a 250,000 Barrel/Day Oil Refinery and Marine Terminal - Eastport, Maine, Volume III, Supplement to Appendices, Environmental Impact Statement, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region I; Boston, Massachusetts.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1978). Final Environmental Impact Statement, Proposed Issuance of Federal Permits to the Pittston Company of New York for the Construction of a 250,000 Barrel/Day Oil Refinery and Marine Terminal - Eastport, Maine, Volume IV, Response to Comments, Environmental Impact Statement, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region I; Boston, Massachusetts.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, R. I. (1979). Testimony before the Environmental Protection Agency, Region I, re NPDES permit application of the Pittston Company: ME0022420, Environmental Protection Agency. Region I.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1980). "Atlantic Coast Ecological Inventory, Eastport, Maine, U.S. - Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Canada." U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 22092.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, et al. (1995). Status review for anadromous Atlantic salmon in the United States.

U.S. Geological Survey (Multiple years). "Infra-red aerials of Cobscook Bay, from the Quebec S, Eastport fiche." U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center (ESIC).

Uhazy, L. S., D. E. Aiken, et al. (1985). "Morphology and systematics of the nemertean Pseudocarcinonemerteshomari (Hoplonemertea: Monostilifera) from the American lobster, Homarus americanus." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42(2): 342.

Uthe, J. F. and C. L. Chou (1985). Studies on cadmium in sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus) from clean and contaminated areas, ICES CM. (No. 1985/E:22), ICES Marine Environmental Quality Committee.

Vachon, A. (1918). "Hydrography in Passamaquoddy Bay and vicinity, New Brunswick." Contributions to Canadian Biology: 295.

The laws that regulate the distribution of the plankton in the sea furnish a problem of paramount importance in the progressive industry of fisheries. Qualitative and quantitative determinations of the plankton are made at selected hydrographic stations, since the plankton is followed by multitudes of fishes which live on it, and those fishes are followed by others which serve as food for men.

As the plankton, which regulates, to a great extent, the migrations of the fish, is itself at the mercy of the chemical, physical and mechanical conditions of the sea, it is easily understood of what economical importance a correct knowledge of those conditions will prove. We speak of the migrations of the herrings and sardines; they are the same as those of the plankton which serve as food for them, and the presence of the plankton is ruled by depth, light, temperature, salinity, pressure and density. hydrography; oceanography; Passamaquoddy; food web; Quoddy; plankton; feeding; fish; vertebrates; invertebrates; fauna; distribution

Vadas, R. L. and B. Beal (1987). "Green algal ropes: A novel estuarine phenomenon in the Gulf of Maine."Estuaries 10: 171.

Vadas, R. L., R. W. Elner, et al. (1986). "Experimental evaluation of aggregation behavior in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis: A reinterpretation." Mar. Biol. 90: 433.

Van Name, W. G. (1910). "Compound ascidians of the coasts of New England and neighboring British provinces." Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 34: 439.

Van Wagoner, N. A., W. McNeil, et al. (1988). "Early Devonian bimodal volcanic rocks of Southwestern New Brunswick: Petrography, stratigraphy, and depositional setting." Marit. Sedi. Atl. Geol. 24(3): 301.

Vandermeulen, J. H. (1980). Transcript of hearings in the matter of the Pittston Company NPDES permit application number ME0022420: before Spencer Nissen, Administrative law judge, United States. Environmental Protection Agency; Pittston Company; [Eastport, Maine Oil Refinery and Marine Terminal Proposal], Bay State Reporting Company; Apex Reporting.

Vandermeulen, J. H. and D. J. Scarratt (1979). Impact of oil spills on living natural resources and resource based industry, Can. Fish. Mar. Serv. (No. 901).

The nature of the impact of hydrocarbon spills on the fisheries resources of the Passamaquoddy area has been largely detailed by Scarratt 1974 (in F.R.B. Tech. Rep. #428). The purpose of this addendum is to add appropriate detail of more recent experience or understanding. Part of the following account is drawn from Scarratt 1974 publication, and is included for completeness. Statements referenced in that publication will not be further referenced here.

Title of overall report: Evaluation of recent data relative to potential oil spills in the Passamaquoddy area. D.J. Scarratt, editor. oil spills; fisheries; Passamaquoddy; Quoddy; pollution; contaminants

Verrill, A. E. (1871). "Marine Fauna of Eastport, Maine." Essex Inst. Bull. 3: 2.

Verrill, A. E. (1873). Report upon the invertebrate animals of Vineyard Sound and the adjacent waters, with an account of the physical characters of the region, Report of the United States Fish Commission for 1871-72.

Verrill, A. E. (1879). "Notice of additions to the marine fauna of the eastern coast of North America." Amer. J. Sci. 17.

Volckaert, F. and E. Zouros (1989). "Allozyme and physiological variation in the scallop Placopecten magellanicus and a general model for the effects of heterozygosity on fitness in marine molluscs." Marine Biology 103(1): 51.

Wagner, F. J. E. (1984). Illustrated catalogue of the mollusca (Gastropoda and Bivalvia) in the Atlantic Geoscience Centre Index Collection, Atlantic Geoscience Centre, Geological Survey of Canada.

Walsh, G. (1977). A study on the chemical oceanography of Cobscook Bay, Maine, Senior thesis, Suffolk University.

Walsh, J. A. (1988). Sedimentology and Late Holocene Evolution of the Lubec Embayment, M.S. Thesis in Geological Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine.

Walters, B. (1981). Cobscook Bay tidal power: Is small really beautiful?, Senior Project, College of the Atlantic.

Scope of Paper: The intent of this paper is to explore the question of small scale power production in comparison with large scale centralized production. This exploration will take place along the lines of a comparison of two proposed tidal power plants in the Cobscook Bay area of Maine. Assessment of the projects will be in the light of their economic feasibility and financial viability. Advisor: Dr. Susan Mehrtens. tidal power; economics; Cobscook; Quoddy; Passamaquoddy

Watson, A. P. and D. E. Gaskin (1983). "Observations on the ventilation cycle of the harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena (L.) in coastal waters of the Bay of Fundy." Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 126.

Watson, E. E. (1936). "Mixing and Residual Currents in Tidal Waters as Illustrated in the Bay of Fundy." Biological Bulletin of Canadian Zoology 2(2): 141.

Watson, J. E. and C. M. Larsen (1959). "Length, Age, and Vertebral Studies of Herring (Clupea harengus) from the Passamaquoddy Region." International Passamaquoddy Fisheries Board Report to International Joint Commission, Appendix 3, Biology, studies in biology for the Passamaquoddy Power Project. Ottawa, Ontario, Washington, D.C., International Joint Commission. 15.

Anticipated reductions in erosion, scouring and turbulence together with higher water temperatures resulting from impoundment and the less rapid transportation of soluble compounds and mineral elements carried into the area and by fresh-water runoff should enhance the supply of fish and shellfish-supporting nutrients, except for those species which would be denied access by engineer structures. Chapter 3. Passamaquoddy; tidal power; fisheries; nutrients; oceanography; Quoddy; herring; vertebrates; fauna; temperature; salinity; nutrients; hydrography

Webster, H. E. and J. E. Benedict (1887). "Annelida chaetopoda from Eastport, Maine." Rep. U.S. Fish. Comm. (1885): 707.

Weiss, S. (1982). Report on the conservation of the marine invertebrate area at Crow Neck and vicinity, Trescott, Maine including an updated inventory and species list, Critical Areas Program Planning Report, Maine State Planning Office.

Weiss, S. J. (1979). Aquaculture - Its Feasability In Cobscook Bay - Volume 1, Maine State Planning Office, Natural Resource Planning Division, Local Project Report, Maine State Planning Office - Natural Resource Planning Division, Coastal Program.

Welch, L. (1993). Contaminants in Maine Bald Eagles, New England Field Office - Interim Report (No. FY93-NEFO-3-EC), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Ecological Services.

In addition to the conservation measures afforded by the federal designation, many states have passed laws to further protect endangered and threatened species. In 1988, Maine amended its Endangered Species Act (MRSA Title 12 Chapter 713, Subchapter V) and designated bald eagle nest sites as essential habitat, which protected these sites from many of the activities detrimental to the species.

The relationship of bald eagle productivity to environmental contamination has been a concern in Maine for many years. In 1992, Maine bald eagles occupied 140 nest sites and produced 113 eaglets, representing an average of 0.81 young/occupied nest (Figure 1). This level falls below the threshold production level of 1.00 young/occupied nest typically associated with healthy populations (Sprunt et al. 1973), a level regularly attained by other major breeding populations of eagles in the United States (USFWS 1990). It is believed that environmental contaminants may be limiting reproductive capabilities of Maine eagles to a level 15-40% below other North American populations (Owen et al. 1991). Wiemeyer et al. (1993) found that unhatched eagle eggs collected from Maine nests between 1980 and 1984 contained higher DDE, PCB, and mercury residues than elsewhere in the United States.

This report presents data from a study initiated to determine the contaminant burdens of bald eagles breeding in Maine. The study was cooperatively conducted and funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife (MDIFW), and the University of Maine (UM). The interpretation of these data are preliminary, and are subject to revision as additional data become available. Additional analyses conducted during this study, such as the H4IIE Rat Cell Bioassay are still unreported. Final results will be available in the thesis entitled "Contaminant Burdens and Reproductive Rates of Bald Eagles Breeding in Maine", which is currently undergoing review. Includes samples fron eagles nesting on Cobscook Bay. eagles; Gulf of Maine; contaminants; toxins; pollution; population; conservation; reproduction; vertebrates; fauna; birds

Wells, B., D. H. Steele, et al. (1973). "Intertidal feeding of winter flounders (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) in the Bay of Fundy." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 30(9): 1374.

Wells, B. F. (1974). Effects of tidal movement on the feeding of winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum) in Long Pond, Newfoundland and Brandy Cove, New Brunswick, M.Sc. thesis, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland.

White, A. (1982). The scope of impact of toxic dinoflagellate blooms on finfish in Canada, Can. Tech. Rept. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (No. 1063).

This report attempts to assess the scope of the impact of toxic blooms on Canadian finfish resources. The available information is summarized, and additional concerns and gaps in our knowledge are discussed. It is concluded that it is still too early to be able to assess the total impact of the toxic blooms on finfish resources with any degree of accuracy; but the earmarks are present to indicate that toxin-caused fish kills are recurrent events, that a variety of fishes may be affected including adult and larval stages, and consequently that these toxic blooms may well have substantial impact on finfish. The effect of toxic blooms on fish larvae is considered to be the most potentially significant aspect for finfish populations. A knowledge of these effects on larvae is sorely needed, along with a better understanding of the dynamics of toxic blooms and red tides, and of mechanisms of toxin transfer to fish. fish; toxins; dinoflagellates; Fundy; vertebrates; fauna; paralytic shellfish poisoning; phytoplankton; flora

White, A. W. (1977). "Dinoflagellate toxins as probable cause of an Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus) kill, and pteropods as apparent vector." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 34(12): 2421.

White, A. W. (1980). "Recurrence of kills of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus) caused by dinoflagellate toxins transferred through herbivorous zooplankton." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37(12): 2262.

White, A. W. (1981). "Sensitivity of marine fishes to toxins from the red-tide dinoflagellate Gonyaulax excavata and implications for fish kills." Marine Biology 65(3): 255.

White, A. W. (1982). Intensification of Gonyaulax blooms and shellfish toxicity in the Bay of Fundy, Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (No. 1064), Department of Fisheries and Oceans, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, (Canada). Biol. Stn.

White, A. W. (1982). Toxic dinoflagellate blooms in the Bay of Fundy since 1944, ICES Coun. Mtg. 1982 (Collected Papers).

No abstract available. dinoglagellates; toxins; Fundy; paralytic shellfish poisoning

White, A. W. and C. M. Lewis (1982). "Resting cysts of the toxic, red tide dinoflagellate Gonyaulax excavata in Bay of Fundy sediments." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 39(8): 1185.

White, A. W., R. G. Sheath, et al. (1977). "A red tide caused by the marine ciliate, Mesodinium rubrum, in the Passamaquoddy Bay, including pigment and ultrastructure studies of the endosymbiont." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 34(3): 413.

Whiteaves, J. F. (1901). Catalogue of the marine invertebrata of Eastern Canada, Geol. Sur. Can. (No. 772).

Wilder, D. G. (1953). "The growth rate of the American Lobster (Homarus americanus)." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 10(7): 371.

Wilder, D. G. (1960). "Possible effects of the Passamaquoddy tidal power structures on the Canadian lobster industry." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 17(3): 553.

Wilder, D. G., P. F. Elson, et al. (1974). Summary of physical, biological, socio-economic and other factors relevant to potential oil spills in the Passamaquoddy Region of the Bay of Fundy. Section 3. Renewable marine resources, Fish. Res. Bd. Can. Tech. Rept. (No. 428-3), Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

Wildish, D. J. (1977). "Factors controlling marine and estuarine sublittoral macrofauna." Helgolander wiss. Meeresunters 30: 445.

Wildish, D. J. (1977). "The marine and estuarine sublittoral benthos of the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine." Fundy Tidal Power and The Environment: Proceedings of a workshop on the Environmental Implications of Fundy Tidal Power held at Wolfville, Nova Scotia, November 4-5, 1976. Wolfville, Nova Scotia, The Acadia University Institute. 160.

Wildish, D. J. (1980). "Reproductive bionomics of two sublittoral amphipods in a Bay of Fundy estuary." Int. J. Invertebr. Reprod. 2(5): 311.

Wildish, D. J. (1983). "Sublittoral sedimentary substrates." Marine and coastal systems of the Quoddy region, New Brunswick. Ottawa, Department of Fisheries and Oceans. 140.

Despite this interest in subtidal benthic biology, sampling techniques have changed little since the Challenger expedition sailed, although the introduction of the first quantitative grab (Peterson and Jensen 1911) may be said to date the origin of the subject as a scientific study. Since 1911 many novel methods have been tried, but all have limitations serious enough to discourage their general use among benthic biologists. Because of this and perhaps also because of the youth of the subject and the relatively few scientists involved at any one time, a satisfactory conceptual base has yet to emerge (Wildish 1977). This state of affairs should attract any embryonic marine biologist worth his salt to this field where so much has yet to be achieved by so few.

This chapter concerns the sublittoral animals of estuaries and the near-shore of the Bay of Fundy which live attached at the sediment-water interface, the epibenthos, or which live within the sediment, the infauna. Benthic animals may be classified arbitrarily by their body dimensions, since sieves are commonly used to separate them from the sediment matrix in which they live. The following classes are recognized throughout this work (adapted from Wolff 1977):..... subtidal; fauna; benthic; oceanography; Fundy; ecology; invertebrates; sediments; hydrography

Wildish, D. J. (1984). A review of subtidal benthic ecological research in the Bay of Fundy: 1976-1982, Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (No. 1256).

Wildish, D. J., P. D. Keizer, et al. (1993). "Seasonal changes of dissolved oxygen and plant nutrients in seawater near salmonid net pens in the macrotidal Bay of Fundy." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50(2): 303.

Wildish, D. J. and D. D. Kristmanson (1979). "Tidal energy and sublittoral macrobenthic animals in estuaries." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 36(10): 1197.

Wildish, D. J., D. D. Kristmanson, et al. (1987). "Giant scallop feeding and growth responses to flow." J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 113: 207.

Wildish, D. J., J. L. Martin, et al. (1988). Environmental monitoring of the Bay of Fundy salmonid mariculture industry during 1986 and 1987, Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (No. 1648), Department of Fisheries and Oceans.

Wildish, D. J., J. L. Martin, et al. (1990). Environmental monitoring of the Bay of Fundy salmonid mariculture industry during 1988-89, Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (No. 1760), Department of Fisheries and Oceans.

Wildish, D. J. and R. L. Phillips (1974). An identification strategem for benthos collected to assess marine and estuarine pollution, Fisheries Research Board of Canada (No. 450), Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

The tabular key method of Newell was modified to provide rapid, accurate identifications with the least number of character states possible. Information from the developing key was computer compatible, allowed the user to reach the primary ecological and toxicological literature for given taxa and avoided information redundancy because it applied in a specified geographical area at a specified time. Fundy; benthic; pollution; L'Etang; invertebrates; effluent; fauna; estuarine; Quoddy; contaminants

Wildish, D. J., N. J. Poole, et al. (1977). Temporal changes of sublittoral macrofauna in L'Etang Inlet caused by sulfite pulp mill pollution, Can. Fish. Mar. Ser. Tech. Rept. (No. 718).

The precise stage during the development of anoxia causing local extinctions was not determined in this study. Circumstantial evidence implicates low dissolved oxygen, presence of hydrogen sulfide, and changes in microbial food affecting larvae or adults. Fundy; L'Etang; pollution; effluent; contaminants; Quoddy; ecology; invertebrates; vertebrates; fauna

Wildish, D. J., N. J. Poole, et al. (1979). Pulp mill pollution in L'Etang Estuary, a case history and clean-up alternatives, Fish. Mar. Ser. Tech. Rept. (No. 884).

Wildish, D. J. and A. J. Wilson (1976). Checklist for sublittoral macro-infauna sampled between 1970 and 1975 in four Bay of Fundy estuaries, Fish. Res. Bd. Can. Manusc. Rept. Ser. (No. 1398), Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

Wildish, D. J., A. J. Wilson, et al. (1977). Some hydrographic characteristics and ATP of Bay of Fundy estuarine waters: data record, Manuscript Report Series (No. 1417), Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

Wildish, D. J., A. J. Wilson, et al. (1988). Biological and economic feasibility of four grow-out methods for the culture of giant scallops in the Bay of Fundy, Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (No. 1658), Department of Fisheries and Oceans, St. Andrews, New Brunswick. (Canada).

Wildish, D. J., V. Zitko, et al. (1990). Sedimentary anoxia caused by salmonid mariculture wastes in the Bay of Fundy and its effects on dissolved oxygen in seawater, Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (No. 1761).

Willey, A. (1913). "Notes on plankton collected across the mouth of the St. Croix River opposite to the Biological Station at St. Andrews, New Brunswick, in July and August 1912." Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 283.

Geographical Zoology: Page

Fritillaria...............................................................................................284
Copepoda.................................................................................................284
Cladocera................................................................................................285
Peridinium..............................................................................................285
Ethology:
Brachiolaria...........................................................................................286
Morphology:
Bolina and position of Ctenoplana.............................................................288
Systematic:
Actinotrocha and Phoronis brownei Selys-Longchamps ............................... 290

inventory; zooplankton; Passamaquoddy; Quoddy; St. Croix; invertebrates; fauna
 
 

Willey, A. (1915). "The plankton of St. Andrew's Bay." Contributions of Canadian Biology 1911/14: 1.

Few imagine, when crossing the ocean, that the prow of the ship is cleaving its way through teeming myriads of foamlike creatures and that every turn of the screw is a marine catastrophe, bringing sudden death to multitudes of sensitive beings.

That this is a fact is frequently demonstrated in the darkness of the night when the swarm of life approaches nearer the surface which it illuminates by phosphorescent scintillations.

An ingenious method of testing the vitality of the sea from the seemingly unfavourable situation of a passenger on an ocean liner, has been adopted in recent years by Professor Herdman of Liverpool, the founder of the successful Marine Biological Station at Port Erin (Isle of Man). The method simply consists of straining the sea-water as it flows from a tap through a silk bag, at intervals during a voyage.

Even in the daytime, in calm weather, the presence of living matter may, be made manifest by the occurrence of smooth oily-looking streaks and patches in the midst of the rippling water. The remarkable character of these so-called animal currents was first recognized by Carl Vogt as long ago as 1848. A graphic description of their appearance around Lanzarote, one of the Canary Islands, was published by Professor Richard Greeff in 1868. Similar streaks may be observed in the bay of St. Andrews; they are due in part to the tidal currents and in part to the organisms which are contained in them.

The floating fauna and flora of the oceanic and coastal waters consitute what is known as the Plankton of drifting life of the sea. This technical term, which is now universally employed at Biological Stations, was introduced by Professor Victor Hensen of Kiel in 1887. The only single vernacular term, previously in use, which conveyed the same meaning, was the German word 'Auftrieb', this was commonly borrowed by other tongues, and the custom of using it continued for several years after the more international expression 'Plankton' had been happily suggested; but now it is seldom heard. Passamaquoddy; plankton; Quoddy; fauna; invertebrates

Willey, A. (1921). "Arctic Copepoda in Passamaquoddy Bay." Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci.56: 185.

Willey, A. (1929). "Notes on the distribution of free-living copepoda in Canadian waters, Part II." Contributions of Canadian Biology (New Series) 4: 527.

The first part of these studies was published in Contributions to Canadian Biology, New Series, Vol. I, pp. 305-334, 1923. There are one or two corrections which I take this opportunity of inserting here. The species named by me Laophonte calamorum n. sp. is the same as Laophonte Mohammed, Blanchard et Richard, from sale lakes of Algeria, since found elsewhere in the palaearctic region. At the time of writing I was unacquainted with the original description. The species uncertainly referred to Epischura nevadensis (op. cit. p. 310) should be an immature stage of Epischura lacustris. In another paper on Northern Cyclopidae and Canthoacamptidae (Wiley, 1925), the species named Cyclops bissextilis n. sp. (p. 141) is the same as Cyclops crassicaudis, G.O. Sars.

Owing to the extent of the tides, the Bay of Fundy offers exceptional opportunities for the study of bottom-feeding species, which are not less valuable in their own sphere than are the calanoids of the open sea. Not only do rockpools serve as inshore nurseries for numerous broods of young harpacticoids, but by gently creaming off, with a spoon, the exposed surface layer of the fine, moist sand between tide-marks, many of the characteristic forms are to be found, often in couples, the male grasping some part of the body of the female with his prehensile antennae. The particular mode of amplexus varies somewhat from one species to another. The mud-flat where they are collected was swarming with the amphipod Corophium volutator. copepods; Fundy; invertebrates; zooplankton; fauna; mudflats

Wilson, J. S., C. J. Bird, et al. (1979). "An annotated checklist and distribution of benthic marine algae of the Bay of Fundy." Memorial Univ. Nfld. Occas. Pap. Biol.2: 1.

Wilson, W. H., Jr. (1990). "Relationship between prey abundance and foraging site selection by semipalmated sandpipers on a Bay of Fundy mudflat." Journal of Field Ornthology61: 9.

Winn, H. E., C. A. Price, et al. (1983). The distributional biology of the right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) in the western North Atlantic. Workshop on the Status of Right Whales, Boston, MA (USA), International Whaling Comm., Cambridge (UK).

Winters, H. C. (1979). Sanitary Survey Report of Lubec, Maine, 1979, Maine Department of Marine Resources, Sanitary Survey Report, Maine Department of Marine Resources, Fisheries Research Laboratory, Boothbay Harbor, Maine.

Wong, P. L. and R. C. Anderson (1988). "Transmission of Skrjabinoclava morrisoni Wong and Anderson, 1988 (Nematoda: Acuarioidea) to semipalmated sandpipers (Calidris pusilla (L.) (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae)." Can. J. Zool. 66(10): 2265.

Woodley, T. H., M. W. Brown, et al. (1991). "Organochlorine levels in North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) blubber." Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 21(1): 141.

Worley, I. A. (1982). Botanical and ecological aspects of coastal raised peatlands in Maine and their relevance to the Critical Areas Program of the State Planning Office, Maine Critical Areas Program (No. 69).

This report defines criteria by which the scientific, scenic, and natural attributes of the coastal raised peatlands can be assessed, and recommends peatlands for evaluation under the Maine Critical Areas Program based upon such an assessment. An inventory of all coastal raised peatlands in Maine was performed based upon a literature search and field work. Two hundred twenty nine peatlands were considered, 159 overflown, and 59 visited. Eighteen sites, including 21 peatlands, are recommended for evaluation for inclusion on the Register of Critical Areas. Eighteen additional sites are likely of similar significance, and these areas should be field checked for possible evaluation for inclusion on the Register of Critical Areas as soon as field work is possible. The Shrub Slope peatlands of extreme outer islands and points are recommended for study by the Critical Areas Program. At least 53 additional coastal raised peatlands are in an essentially unaltered natural state; should additional features of significance be discovered at some future time, some of the sites may be considered then for evaluation as potential Critical Areas. Immediate protective management at high use peatlands, notably Big Heath in Acadia National Park, peatlands on Great Wass Island, and Carrying Place Cove Bog is strongly recommended. Cobscook; Quoddy; flora; terrestrial

Zitko, V., B. J. Finlayson, et al. (1971). "Methylmercury in freshwater and marine fishes in New Brunswick, in the Bay of Fundy, and on the Nova Scotia Banks." Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 28(9): 1285.

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